Decontamination chemical aspects

The chemical and physical compatibility of decontamination solutions or other decontamination materials must be determined before use. Any decontamination method that permeates, degrades, damages, or otherwise impairs the functioning of the personal protective equipment (PPE) is incompatible with such PPE and should not be used. If a decontamination method does pose a direct health hazard, measures must be taken to protect both decontamination personnel and the workers being decontaminated. Figure 16.22 presents a decision aid for the evaluation of health and safety aspects of decontamination methods. 

ASPECTS OF DECONTAMINATION IN CASE OF RELEASE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES OR USE OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS... 

Researdi into tlie use of ultrasound in environmental protection has received a considerable amount of attention with the majority of investigations focusing on the harnessing of cavitational effects for the destruction of biological and chemical pollutants in water. The field is not restricted to these two topics however, it is much broader (Tab. 4.1), and in this chapter we will review several aspects in addition to the decontamination of water... 

Weerasooriya, S., C.B. Dissanayake, K. Priyadharsanee, and K. Jinadasa. 1993. Chemical decontamination of aniline by redox sensitive mineral surfaces. 1. Kinetic aspects. Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry 38, 101-108. 

Hurst, C. (1997). Decontamination. In Brig. Gen. R. Zajtchuck (Ed.), Testbook of military medicine Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare (pp. 351-360). Falls Church, VA Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. 

Hamilton, M.G., Hill, I., Conley, J., Sawyer, T.W., Caneva, D.C., Lundy, P.M. (2004). Clinical aspects of percutaneous poisoning by the chemical warfare agent VX effects of application site and decontamination. Mil. Med. 169 856-62. 

Hurst, C.G., Decontamination. In Sidell, F.R., Takafuji, E.T., and Franz, D.R., eds. Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty, Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Washington DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, 1997. 

The hydrolysis of OPs to less harmfiil compounds is an important aspect for environmental decontamination. The phosphate ester bond is prone to cleavage this occurs mostly by hydrolysis but photolytic degradation by sunlight is also possible [49]. Biological pathways for decontamination such as bioremediation have attracted recent attention [9]. In the context of this thesis the term bioremediation is used when plants, microorganisms or enzymes derived from them are used to uptake or break down environmental contaminants e.g. heavy metals, chemicals from oil spills or pesticides [43, 50-52]. 

The first part of the book examines the crystal and electronic structure, stoichiometry and composition, redox properties, acid-base character, and cation valence states, as well as new approaches to the preparation of ordered TMO with extended structure of texturally defined systems. The second part compiles practical aspects of TMO applications in materials science, chemical sensing, analytical chemistry, solid-state chemistry, microelectronics, nanotechnology, environmental decontamination, and fuel cells. The book examines many types of reactions — such as dehydration, reduction, selective oxidations, olefin metathesis, VOC removal, photo- and electrocatalysis, and water splitting — to elucidate how chemical composition and optical, magnetic, and structural properties of oxides affect their surface reactivity in catalysis. 

The second part of the book compiles some practical aspects of metal oxides, with emphasis in catalytic applications. Metal oxides represent an expanding class of compounds with a wide range applications in several areas such as materials science and catalysis, chemical sensing, microelectronics, nanotechnology, environmental decontamination, analytical chemistry, solid-state chemistry, and fuel cells. Our basic knowledge on the metal oxide chemistry is relatively far from that for metals, and as yet, little is known about fundamental relationships between reactivity of oxide compounds and their chemical compositions, crystal structures, and electronic properties at the surface. When examining the importance of metal oxides, and specifically TMOs, in several reactions such as dehydration, selective oxidations, olefin metathesis, VOCs removal, photocatalysis, water splitting, and electrocatalysis, attempts will be made in order to connect properties of the oxides and their reactivity. Since the catalytic phenomenon is confined to the external surface of the solids where molecules or atoms interact, the study of this interaction... 

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