Decks and decking

FIRE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE DECKS AND DECK BOARDS... 

Connections between lightning belts and slings, slings and decks, and decks and barriers on the decks should have good electrical conduction. All of them should be welded or bolt connected. 

The addition of components to this set of 92, the change of a few parameter values for existing components, or the inclusion of additional UNIQUAC binary interaction parameters, as they may become available, is best accomplished by adding or changing cards in the input deck containing the parameters. The formats of these cards are discussed in the subroutine PARIN description. Where many parameters, especially the binary association and solvation parameters are to be changed for an existing... 

Secondary Treatments and Uses. Insulation boards normally have few secondary treatments. Some boards may receive a coating of primer and others may be laminated into panels of several thicknesses. Insulation boards are used for economical, insulative wall paneling, ceiling tiles, bulletin boards, and similar uses. Laminated panels are used for insulative panels, usually as roof decking or insulation under built-up roofing. 

The majority of particleboard is used in furniture and cabinetry. A significant amount is used as floor decking in manufactured homes and as undedayment in conventional homes. Particleboard is used as shelving in homes and industrial businesses, as door cores in soHd core doors, in stair stepping, door frames, and a host of uses requiring small flat parts as a starting point. 

Secondary Treatment and Uses. The vast majority of OSB panels are used "as is," without further processing or treatment. Primary uses are as wall and roof sheathing, floor decking, and other constmction panel uses in home and commercial constmction. OSB products are effectively filling in for the decline in plywood production. Small amounts of OSB are used in furniture, primarily as frame stock, and in other uses in which plywood might be used. 

Ribbed deck with ribs filled with fiber glass and sides perforated (Fig. 2). 

Laminates aie materials made up of plies or laminae stacked up like a deck of cards and bonded together. Plywood is a common example of a laminate. It is made up of thin pHes of wood veneer bonded together with various glues. Laminates ate a form of composite material, ie, they ate constmcted from a continuous matrix and a reinforcing material (1) (see also Reinforced plastics). 

Investment, Costs, and Prices for Barley and Malt. Estimated malthouse investment (1993) and costs for a new malthouse with annual capacity of 120,000 t are shown in Table 2. This malthouse is equipped with twelve 1,700-bushel steep tanks, eight 10,000-bushel germination compartments, and two double-deck kilns. The kilns are equipped with standard heat recovery units and indirect heat. 

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

Fig. 11. Sample showing typical aluminum superstmcture and deck connection made possible by use of explosion-clad aluminum—carbon steel transition...

Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams of screens (a) vibrating grizzly, (b) double-deck vibrating screen, and (c) a rotating probabiUty screen (2). A schematic...

During the 1930s gradual improvements in the product and processing overcame some of the drawbacks of this material. Nonetheless, the apphcations were limited and Thiokol Corp. stmggled to remain solvent. The first year Thiokol reported a profit was in 1941, 13 years after its foundation. This was realized when the U.S. Air Force discovered that the aUphatic polysulftdes were usehil as a fuel-resistant sealant for aircraft tanks and hoses. Polysulftdes also began to be used as sealants for boat hulls and decks. 

Light-Duty Recreational Surfaces. Artificial surfaces intended for incidental recreational use, eg, swimming pool decks, patios, and landscaping, are designed primarily to provide a practical, durable, and attractive surface. Minimum cost is a prime consideration and has driven the quaUty of some such products to a low level. Most surfaces in this category utilize polypropylene ribbon and a tufted fabric constmction (see Olefin polymers, polypropylene). ... 

Common BUR systems ate installed in different ways membrane adhered/attached to deck without insulation insulation adhered/attached to deck with membrane apphed to insulation base sheet adhered/attached to deck, insulation to base sheet, and top membrane to insulation and membrane adhered/attached to deck and insulation apphed over the membrane, the so-called protected-membrane roof... 

Protected-Membrane Roofs. Primitive roofs coveted with earth and sod over sloping wood decks shingled with bark were early examples of protected-membrane roofs (PMRs). Grass and earth provided iasulation and protected the shingled deck from inclement weather. 

In modem PMR constmction, thermal iasulation that is unaffected by water or that can be kept dry ia some manner is required. Extmded polystyrene (XEPS) foam iasulation boards ate commonly employed (see Insulation, thermal). They ate placed on top of the waterproofing roof membrane, which is next to the deck. The iasulation should not be adhered to the membrane. Ballast at the rate of >48.8 kg/m (1000 lb/100 ft ) holds the iasulation ia place and offers protection from the sun. The iasulation joiats ate open and drainage must be provided. Various other materials, eg, patio blocks and concrete slabs, ate also used as sutfaciags and ballast. The extra weight imposes mote exacting requirements on constmction. 

Ba.lla.sted. A ballasted roof assembly consists of a membrane or membrane and substrate material (insulation, sHp sheet, etc) loosely laid over a deck with the assembly held in place using ballast. A minimum ballast weight of 48.9 kg/m or 10 pounds per square foot (PSF) is used. The ballast can consist of smooth rounded stone, cmshed stone (a separator sheet must be used between the cmshed stone and the membrane), or pavers (both standard and lightweight). Both stone and pavers come in a wide variety of colors. The membrane is affixed to the building only at the deck perimeter (roof edge) and at various penetrations. Wall and penetration flashings are typically fuUy adhered and sealed to prevent water entry into the roof assembly. The maximum slope a ballasted system should be installed over is 16.7 cm/m. 

Fully Adhered. The substrate, ie, insulation, cover board, etc, that the single-ply membrane is to be attached to is either fuUy adhered or mechanically fastened to the deck. However, there are also appHcations where the membrane is adhered directly to the deck. The membrane is then adhered to the substrate. The typical method for adhering the membrane to the substrate is by applying a contact adhesive to the membrane and substrate, rolling the membrane into place, and brooming once the adhesive is ready. There are one-sided appHcations where the membrane is roUed directly into the adhesive that has been appHed to the substrate only. The membrane used in this appHcation method may be fleece-backed. FuUy adhered systems can be installed on any slope. The fuUy adhered appHcation offers a smooth surface that is easy to maintain and inspect, as weU as exceUent wind resistance on account of positive attachment. 

There are also mechanically fastened systems where large sheets are laid over the substrate and seamed together. The mechanical fastening system to hold the membrane to the deck is placed at the appropriate density either over the membrane to fasten the system to the deck or under the membrane to which it is affixed. 

Metal deck assembhes are tested by UL for under-deck fire hazard by usiag their steiaer tunnel (ASTM E84). The assembly, exposed to an under-deck gas flame, must not allow rapid propagation of the fire down the length of the tuimel. FM uses a calorimeter fire-test chamber to evaluate the hazard of an under-deck fire. The deck is exposed to a gas flame and the rate of heat release is measured and correlated to the rate of flame propagation. A different FM test assesses the damage to roof iasulations exposed to radiant heat. 

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