Decellularization process

Crapo, P.M., Gilbert, T.W., Badylak, S.F., 2011. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials 32, 3233—3243. 

It is worth noting that early in Ihe history of tissue processing for implantation, decellularization was generally incomplete. In these instances, the antigenicity of the tissue was reduced via a different method one simultaneously intended to render the tissue inert to normal physiologic degradation (ie, chemical crosslinking). 

Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylack SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellular-ization processes. Biomaterials 2011 32(12) 3233-43. 

The key to the successful clinical application for hard tissue repair using the ECM-derived tissues is the preservation of bioactive factors and the elimination of any immunogenic substance remained in the source tissue during the decellularization or demineralized procedures. However, the current acellular methods normally cause loss of bioactive factors and/or the destruction of the ultrastructure due to the extreme conditions experienced during the process (Zimmermann and Moghaddam, 2011 Badylak et al., 2011). Therefore, further optimization of the ECM scaffolds is required in the following studies so as to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these promising scaffolds. 

Papadimitropoulos, A., Scotti, C., Bourgine, P., Scherberich, A., Martin, I., 2015. Engineered decellularized matrices to instruct bone regeneration processes. Bone 70C, 66-72. 

Most commercial production of AM today is by low-heat dehydrated and decellular-ized processing techniques. AM is obtained and processed at low heat to kill all living cells, but not high enough to degrade the regenerative proteins. This AM can be stored at room temperature and is dependent upon manufacturer for expiration date. 

Effects of different preservation and storage techniques have had little to no effects on the function and effectiveness of AM. Various studies have shown that AM retains its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative potential despite being decellular-ized in some of these processing techniques. ... 

The development of artificial scaffolds made of synthetic or namral polymers and even composite materials allows such limitations to be overcome, providing a wide platform of materials with tailored chemical, physical, and mechanical properties and processability. However, both synthetic scaffolds and decellularized tissues have to be considered useful solutions with distinct characteristics, and the choice of one or another system depends on the specific TE application required, with neither approaches representing a universal solution. 

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