Deactivated virus

Eosin generates singlet oxygen upon irradiation with visible light. Its ability to act as a photodynamic sensitizer has been known for many years [125], Irradiation of Eosin in the presence of oxygen is found to deactivate viruses [126] and yeasts [127] and to damage the photosystem II of leaf tissue [128,129], Eosin covalently immobilized in polystyrene beads has been used to remove E. coli from drinking water [130],... 

When used for the production of potable water, ozone kills bacteria as effectively as chlorine. It kills and deactivates viruses far more thoroughly than chlorine. In addition, it oxidizes residual organic contaminants that are difficult to remove by conventional processes. Paris, France has used ozone treatment for many years. It allows them to convert contaminated Seine river water to high quality drinking water. 

It appears that none of these process techniques is dominant, at least with the lactide/glycolide materials. Researchers have considerable choices available in regard to fabrication of microspheres from these polymers. The most commonly used procedures employ relatively mild conditions of pH and temperature and are usually quite compatible with the bioactive agents to be entrapped, including proteins and other macromolecules. Only in the case of live virus and living cell encapsulation have serious deactivation problems been encountered and those problems were due to solvents used in the process. 

EN43 Hussain, S. and Dasgupta, A. (1991). Effect of heat treatment of sera for deactivation of AIDS virus on commonly monitored serum analytes. Clin. Chem. 37, 932, Abstr. 106. 

Table. 1 displays the results to detect deactivated SARS-CoV and other viruses, it showed absolutely detectability to all of SARS-CoV species, while no cross reaction to other virus, especially to common human coronal Virus (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E) was found. So the sensitivity and specificity of this immunoassay was fully acceptable. According to the data obtained from US CDC strain, its detectable limit was nearly 3 copies of virus per 50 [iL test. This extraordinary high sensitivity seemed to indicate the additional N protein that much more than whole virus was excreted in SARS-CoV culture. Nevertheless it seems that the N protein is a sensitive marker for SARS-CoV proliferation. 

Research work on the mode of action of these compounds furnished the theoretical basis for the chemical control of insects by means of chemosterilants, and most of the compounds showing such action were first described as antitumour agents. In no other field is the interaction between plant protection and human therapy so close as that between the chemotherapy of cancer and insect control by chemosterilants. The capacity of these substances to interfere with the biosynthesis of DNA served as the common theoretical basis. In addition to other effects such as antitumour and antimitotic effects, deactivation of viruses, etc., a characteristic outcome of this interference is the mutagenic effect and, closely related to this, inhibition of reproduction (Bofkovec, 1962). 

Our group recently reported iodinated polyurethane (IPU) sponges. The IPU sponges were coated with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), to release iodine in a controlled rate for water decontamination combined with active carbon cartridge, which adsorbs the iodine residues after the microbial inactivation. Controlled and stable iodine release was observed with the EVA-coated IPU sponges and was effective in deactivating the bacteria and virus present in the contaminated water (Figure 8.12). Thus, these iodinated... 

Figure 9.4 Transmission eiectron microscope (TEM) image of a virus (a) non-treated dispersion and (b) dispersion after an eiectrochemicai deactivation treatment. Scaie bars show WOnm. Shionoiri eta. (2015). Reproduced with permission from Elsevier...

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