Data reduction and analysis

In order to establish reliability and validity of my findings, I sent my draft to my informants to ask them about their opinion (Kozinets 2002] and discussed my findings with industry experts I met during the fieldwork (Lincoln and Cuba 1985], I emphasize the external validi of my findings by showing how the phenomenon I observed relates to the literature (Eisenhardt 1989b], 

I find that the contribution to innovation by embedded lead users is mainly characterized by their deployed resources and actions. Embedded lead users draw on different configurations of resources during innovation, which can be categorized into intellectual resources (knowledge] and social resources (structural, relationaL and 

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With the introduction of computerized data systems for data acquisition, reduction, and storage during the 1960s, the efficiency of mass spectrometric analysis grew rapidly and continues to grow to this day. The use of computers for data reduction and analysis helped gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) become a practical and powerful tool for qualita-... 

Radiation scattered from the inspection point, after passing thru the detector collimator, impinges on scintillators which convert this incident radiation to visible light. The visible light, in turn, is sensed by an array of photomultiplier tubes that generate electrical outputs which are directed to computers for data reduction and analysis. These signals are proportional to the density of the HE in the shell... 

FIGURE 5.3 Schematic diagram of the sequence of spectral data reduction and analysis. 

Figure 5. Data reduction and analysis in EXAFS spectroscopy (A) EXAFS spectrum x k) vs. k after background removal. (B) The solid curve is the weighted EXAFS spectrum k x k) vs. k (after multiplying x(k) by k ). (C) Fourier transformation (FT) of the weighted EXAFS spectrum in (B). (D) Fourier-filtered EXAFS spectrum of the major peak in (C) after backtransforming into k space. The dashed curve represents an attempted fit to the filtered data. (Adapted from B. K. Teo, Accts. Chem. Res. 13, 412 (198), with permission of the American Chemical Society.)...

Ralph Chipman, NAD, Crane, Ind., Experimental High Intensity Flare Systems Data Reduction and Analysis, RDTR No. 57 (11 May 1965). 

Finally, to facilitate data reduction and analysis each interferogram is recorded in the astronomical standard FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format. All the data from a single FTS scan are recorded in a single FITS file, including mefrol-ogy data for both the FTS drive and pointing errors. The header includes all the information needed to calculate the baseline vector. 

SENSOR CALIBRATION DATA HANDLING. Another important aspect of the over-all calibration job was the adapting of accepted laboratory and data reduction methods to a procedure that would facilitate raw data reduction and analysis on a production basis. This was accomplished by programming all computations and comparison steps such that they could be handled by an IBM 704 computer. The program calls for determination of the temperature, from the resistance readings on the standards, at the time the resistance was measured on each test probe tabulation of the resistance vs. temperature relationship of each probe through the temperature range of interest comparison of this calibrated relationship with the specification relationship for the particular probe and finally, tabulation of the deviation of the actual calibration from the specification at the calibration points taken. 

After X-ray absorption measurement, the energy dependence of p(E) can be obtained by plotting as shown in Figure 6.3. It should be noted that no matter whether is measured in transmission or fluorescence (or electron emission), data reduction and analysis are essentially the same. 

Data Reduction and Analysis For inhibition profiles, the means of triplicate data points (at individual inhibitor concentrations) were plotted. IC50 values were determined using either a log-logit or four parameter fit. (Correlation coefficients were determined from the best fit of these data.) Error bars representing standard deviations (SD) are only presented in selected inhibition profiles. Paraoxon equivalence (%), PE, was determined using the following relationship ... 

A typical S AXS experiment involves a sample and necessary optics that measure the scattered X-rays. Nowadays, with the accessibility of desktop SAXS machines and synchrotron radiation, the latter is taken care of by the manufacturer, technician, or beamUne scientist. In this section, we will discuss practical aspects that the experimenter (as a user) should be concerned with. This entails planning and executing a SAXS experiment, followed by the subsequent data reduction and analysis. 

The data reduction and analysis of a typical XPCS data of an equilibrium dynamic system is well documented [87, 124, 125]. The quantification of the equilibrium dynamic timescale is assisted by the normalized second-order intensity correlation function g2(q,r), which is defined by... 

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