Danger deficiency

Owing to the ubiquitous natural occurrence of vitamin K and its production by intestinal bacteria, vitamin K deficiencies are rare. However, they can be caused by certain antibiotics (qv) coupled with a reduced dietary intake. Newborn infants who do not possess the necessary intestinal bacterial population are at danger for vitamin K deficiency. As a result, vitamin K injections are routinely given to the newborn. 

SOURCE Air Products and Chemicals Go., Dangers of Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres, Allentown, Pa., 1988, and American Standards Institute, Report No. 788. 

Rescue of any person from a confined space where dangerous fumes, or an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, may be present is prohibited without wearing appropriate safety equipment... 

Entry into confined spaces where there is likely to be a danger from toxic or flammable gases, or oxygen deficiency or enrichment (Table 11.12). Such work requires well rehearsed procedures regulated by a permit. Figure 11.3 identifies the procedures for entry into confined spaces and Table 11.13 lists associated safety requirements with a specimen permit (Figure 11.4). 

Human data for arsine are compromised by deficiencies in exposure concentration and duration data and by concurrent exposures to other materials. It has been reported that exposure to 3-100 ppm for several hours may result in slight symptoms, and exposure to 16-30 ppm arsine for 0.5-1 h is dangerous (Coles... 

Respiratory protection is required. Positive pressure, full facepiece, NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) will be worn where there is danger of oxygen deficiency and when directed by the fire chief or chemical accident/incident (CAI) operations officer. In cases where firefighters are responding to a chemical accident/incident for rescue/reconnaissance purposes vice firefighting, they will wear appropriate levels of protective clothing (see Section 8). 

The direct oxidative pathway involves 2 dehydrogenase systems that are of clinical interest because of the inborn errors, lacks and deficiencies of the enzymes involved. This hereditary trait, often race linked, leads to metabolic disorders accompanied by innocuous as well as by dangerous and severe symptoms. 

The device is of particular use for entering tanks or pits where dangerous contaminants or deficient oxygen may be suspected. The location, of course, should be tested for contaminants and oxygen before a worker enters it and ventilated if necessary. Care should also be taken to ensure that the user is physically and emotionally fit to use the equipment in hazardous conditions. 

Since Cu ions can catalyse formation of the dangerous hydroxyl radical, its concentration in both the intra- and extracellular compartments is maintained at very low levels by binding to the protein metallothionine. Deficiency of copper results in defects in formation of connective tissue, which may cause cardiovascular problems and poor bone formation. 

This method is known as the K-process after its discoverer Koffier. Like method 5.15.1.2 it uses ammonium nitrate to compensate for the nitrogen deficiency in hexamine and works to Equation (5.24) where two moles of RDX are produced per mole of hexamine. As observed with method 5.15.1.2, the addition of ammonium nitrate to nitric acid appears to prevent dangerous oxidation reactions from occurring. In fact, this nitrolysis reaction only occurs at elevated temperature and so a constant temperature of 80 °C is usually maintained throughout the reaction. Yields of approximately 90 % are attainable based on one mole of hexamine producing two moles of RDX. 

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