Danaides

Rothschild M., Gardiner B., and Mummery R. (1978). The role of carotenoids in the golden glance of danaid pupae. J Zool Lond 186 351-358. 

Danaidone (25), which was first isolated from Lycorea ceres ceres (55) and Danaus gilippus berenice 59) by J. Meinwald et al., has been shown to act as an aphrodisiac pheromone necessary for successful courtship in D. gilippus berenice (57) and in D. chrysippus (56), since danaidone-lacking males have reduced courtship success 57,60). It seems likely that a similar role will be found for the closely related aldehydes, hydroxydanaidal (26) and danaidal (27). 

Defensive/ants, birds, monk isopr. (cardenolide steroids C 8.1.1) danaid butterflies larvae. Ins., as plant dietary metabolites... 

Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) Polyphagous Larva Danaidal, hodal Abdominal (4) coremata Krasnoff el al., 1987 Krasnoff and Roelofs, 1989, 1990 von Nickisch-Rosenegk and Wink, 1993... 

Callimorpha (= Panaxia) quadripunctaria Poda Polyphagous Larva Hodal, danaidal ethyl esters Abdominal (2) Schneider etal., 1998... 

Utetheisa lotrix Cramer Crotalaria Larva Hodal, danaidal Genital coremata Culvenor and Edgar, 1972 Holloway, 1988... 

M. (1979). Chemical communication, plant relationships, and mimicry in the evolution of danaid butterflies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 24 264-277. 

Availability of biosynthetic precursors from food, as in some danaid butterflies and arctiid moths, which modify plant pyrrolizidine alkaloids into volatile derivatives that are used as male pheromones (e.g. Schneider et al., 1975). In... 

A paper by Culvenor and Edgar (1972), reporting the presence of two pyrrolizidines closely related to danaidone, danaidal (VIII) and hydroxydanaidal (IX), from... 

Edgar J. A., Culvenor C. C. J. and Smith L. W. (1971) Dihydropyrrolizine derivatives in hairpencil secretion of danaid butterflies. Experientia 27, 761-762. 

Meinwald J., Boriack C. J., Schneider D., Boppre M., Wood D. F. and Eisner T. (1974) Volatile ketones in the hairpencil secretion of danaid butterflies (Amauris and Danaus). 

Structural investigations on the sex pheromones of male butterflies have yielded several unique insect exocrine products. The major components in the hair pencils of the danaid Lycorea ceres ceres are cetyl acetate, (Z)-vaccenyl acetate, and 2,3-dihydro-7-methyl pyrrolizin-l-one (XXIV) (103) The dihydropyrrol izi none, as well as ( , )-3,7-dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-l,10-diol, have been identified from the hair pencils of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus (104), and the former compound possesses pheromonal activity when evaluated electrophysiologically (105) and behaviorally (106). The hair pencils of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, have yielded ( ,E)-10-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-deca dienoic acid (107) and (E,15)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-decadien-l,10-dioic acid (108). On the other hand, the Old World monarch, Danaus chrysippus, contains (E)-3,7-dimethyloct-2-en-l,8-diol as well as the pyrrolizinone (XXIV) (109). Recently,... 

T56 Kheper, dung beetles 555 danaid butterflies,539 Tetranychus urticae, spider mite 556... 

T104 Danaid T105. Euploea Sylvester, T106, T107 Anastrepha... 

Several p3nroIizidine bases have now been found free in the plant. (+ )-Isoretronecanol has been found free in the roots, and as the esters thesine and thesinine in the aerial portion of Thesium minkwitzianum (96). Retronecine N-oxide has been isolated from Crotalaria retusa. It is of interest that l-methyl-2,3,8,l-didehydropyrrolizid-7-one (XIV) has been isolated from the exocrine secretion of danaid butterflies (108). 

Aegyptus drove Danaus, his 50 sons and his 50 daughters from Egypt. While the brothers established Jemsalem, the daughters, called the Danaides, traveled to the Peloponnesus via Rhodes. This was the expulsion of the Hyksos, which we investigated in Chapter 6. 

The Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus) was found to sequester and store pyrrolizidine alkaloids when fed on homogenized leaves of Senecio vulgaris. It is thought that the presence of these alkaloids in the butterfly may contribute towards its defence mechanism, by making it unpalatable to potential predators. Unlike many other danaids, the Monarch is not dependent on pyrrolizidine alkaloids as precursors of its sex pheromones. 

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