Damage thermal stress

The main mechanisms of hearth bottom wear are high heat load, chemical attack, erosion from molten Hquids, mechanical and thermal stress, and penetration because of ferrostatic and process pressure. A variety of special purpose carbons have been developed to minimize or eliminate the damage caused by these wear mechanisms. 

Because Grid is free to expand and contract without damage under thermal stress. Grid can maintain its structural integrity in turbulent vapor streams as hot as 1000 F. 

Most plants suffer damage, both physiological and biochemical by exposure to temperatures higher or lower than optimal for growth [99]. The results of these injuries, which are reflected in most metabolic processes may be a reduced growth capacity of the crops and therefore lower commercial yield [100]. It has been demontrated that thermal stress induces the production of phenolic compounds [3,4,101]. 

Table 10 lists the results obtained with and without thermal stress for bolts coated with different systems [204, 239]. Because coatings on connecting elements can be damaged during assembly, which gives rise to contact corrosion, turned bolts were included in the test. 

SIMS has also been used to determine the As concentration profile after liquid state diffusion from laser melted spin-on arsenic glass. In this case laser diffusion was desireable because It avoided the thermal stress-induced damage to large thinned wafers that could occur during heating In a furnace. (41). 

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