Damage over service life

One of the major parameters involved in pavement design is the assessment of traffic over a period known as design traffic. The pavement should be designed to sustain the damage caused by the design traffic during its service life. 

If an identified hazard is capable of causing 250 fatalities and causing 50 million in property damage and other losses, what is its severity code If this hazard is associated with certain model of aircraft with an expected service life of 25 years, what is the exposure code, given that the fleet has 200 aircraft and the hazard is estimated to be likely to result in an accident no more than once per 5 million flying hours (assume 2,000 flying hours per aircraft annually) What is the TREC What would be the estimated losses associated with this hazard over the life of the system ... 

Even though adhesively bonded composite joints have a number of advantages over conventional mechanical fastening, they have some drawbacks too. Adhesively bonded joint is a permanent joint and it can t be disassembled for maintenance and damage inspection. Therefore, it is highly essential to monitor the state of the joint throughout its service life in order to prevent drastic failures, to optimize use of the structure which also identifies the scope of future product development and improvements. 

Even if components are typically not exposed to loads with constant oscillation ampiitude, but rather undergo complex loading profiles over time, the most common procedure for evaluating service life is the number of stress cycles leading to damage (fracture or other damage characteristic) at various load levels. Fig. 4.91. 

Particularly common in the oil and gas industry, where the use of steel pressure vessels is widespread, the risks of HlC should be considered when hydrogen snlfide partial pressure becomes greater than 3.5 mbar. Carbon steel pressure vessels should not be affected by HlC damage where HjS levels are lower than this figme in a normal service life cycle. HlC is prevalent in wet HjS environments, which is often known as sour service such cracking over a prolonged period of time without inspection will reach a critical point and the steel component, i.e. pressure vessel, could easily fail. 

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