Damage of Proteins

Teng T-Y, Moffat K (2000) Primary radiation damage of protein crystals by an intense synchrotron X-ray beam. J Synchrotron Radiat 7 313-317... 

Arsenic has been shown to induce oxidative stress (Shi, Shi and Liu, 2004 Hughes and Kitchin, 2006). Oxidative stress is a result of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the ability of a cell s antioxidant defense apparatus to respond. Oxidative stress can result in the damage of proteins, lipids, RNA, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In addition, since oxidant species have a role in cell signaling, a state of oxidative stress could potentially alter signaling within and between cells. 

More recently, MPO-mediated oxidation of tyrosine to dityrosine (o o -dityrosine, or 3,3 -diiyrosine) focused attention as a marker reaction of neutrophile-dependent oxidative damage of proteins and peptides (G11, H14, S3). The reaction occurs both with free tyrosine as well as with tyrosyl residues incorporated into polypeptide structures. The mechanism of dityrosine formation utilizes a relatively long-lived phenoxyl radical that cross-links to dimeric and polymeric structures by formation of carbon-carbon bonds between the aromatic moieties of phenolic tyrosine residues (H14) (Fig. 9). 

K7. Kawakishi, S., Okawa, Y., and Uchida, K., Oxidative damage of protein induced by the Amadori compound-copper ion system. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 13-17 (1990). 

Ferrer, E. et al. Review Indicators of damage of protein quality and nutritional value of milk, Food Sci. 

Oxidative Damage of Protein and Amino Acid Induced by Glucosone-Cupric Ion System... 

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