Damage limiting construction

Operate below minimum oxygen concentration Practice good housekeeping Grind/blend under inert atmosphere Provide damage limiting construction... 

Damage Limiting Construction Construction of equipment (building) with weak sections to limit the damage to the equipment (building). The weak sections fail early and prevent damage to the rest of the equipment (building). 

Figure 6-12 depicts various building layouts incorporating spatial separation and damage limiting construction. 

Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Damage-Limiting Construction. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-44, Norwood, MA, July, 1991. 

Control of pollutants by oxidation is another exothermic process in which high conversion is the most important performance criterion. Interest in efficiency is limited to minimize byproduct formation the byproducts can be more damaging and more refractory than the original pollutants were. Commercially, most adiabatic reactors used for pollution control are of the least expensive construction. 

The theoretical maximum suction lift at sea level for water (14.7 psi) (2.31 fi/psi) = 34 ft. However, due to flow resistance, this value is never attainable. For safety, 15 feet is considered the practical limit, although some pumps will lift somewhat higher columns of water. WTen sealing a vacuum condition above a pump, or the pump pumps from a vessel, a seal allowance to atmosphere is almost always taken as 34 feet of water. High suction lift causes a reduction in pump capacity, noisy operation due to release of air and vapor bubbles, vibration and erosion, or pitting (cavitation) of the impeller and some parts of the casing. (The extent of the damage depends on the materials of construction.)... 

Impervious graphite heat exchangers machined from solid blocks are also available (15,16). The solid block construction is less susceptible to damage by mechanical shock, such as steam and water hammer, than are shell and tube exchangers. Block exchangers are limited in size and cost from 50—100% more than shell and tube units on an equivalent area basis. 

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