D-l phase diagram

Figure 15. The d l phase diagram for Pd nanociystals thiolized with different alkane thiols. The mean diameter, 4, was obtained from the TEM measurements on as-prepared sols. The length of the thiol, I, is estimated by assuming an all-nuns conformation of the alkane chain. The thiol is indicated by the number of carbon atoms, C . The bright area in the middle encompasses systems which form close-paced organizations of nanocrystals. The surrounding darker area includes disordered or low-order arrangements of nanocrystals The area enclosed by the dashed line is derived from calculations from the soft sphere model (reproduced with permission from ref. [40]).

Fig.l Phase diagram of D-RADP-X as obtained from NMR. The closed circles correspond to the to the mean TcS. Note that all phase boundaries are diffuse [9]... 

Figure 4.12. (Top ) The binary phase diagram of didodecyl phosphatidylethanolamine -water mixtures. (Adapted from [15].) Single-phase regions are white, two-pha% regions shaded. The thermotropic behaviour at about 20% w/w water is illustrated by die line ABC. (Bottom ) The trajectory of the line ABC in the local/global domain (see previous figure), showing the variation of molecular shape as a function of temperature for this l d. The phase diagram can be reconciled with the local/global behaviour if the "lamellar" (L) phase is in fact a mesh structure, i.e. porous lamellae.

Pro] Prokofyev, D.I., Kurbatkina, O.L., Phase Diagram of the Fe-Co-Mo Ternary System , Russ. Metall., (2), 164-166 (1979), translated from.fev. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met., (2), 204— 208 (1979) (Experimental, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, 9)... 

FIG. D-1 Phase diagram for TBA-water system, (l-s- = liPharmaceutical Research, Vol. 12, No. 4,1995 permitted by the Plenum Publishing Corporation.)... 

Figure A2.5.30. Left-hand side Eight hypothetical phase diagrams (A through H) for ternary mixtures of d-and /-enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Note the syimnetry about a line corresponding to a racemic mixture. Right-hand side Four T, x diagrams ((a) tlirough (d)) for pseudobinary mixtures of a racemic mixture of enantiomers with an optically inactive third component. Reproduced from [37] 1984 Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena ed C Domb and J Lebowitz, vol 9, eh 2, Knobler C M and Scott R L Multicritical points in fluid mixtures. Experimental studies pp 213-14, (Copyright 1984) by pennission of the publisher Academic Press.

Frenkel D, Mulder B M and McTague J P 1984 Phase-diagram of a system of hard ellipsoids Phys. Rev.L 52 287-90... 

E. A. Brandes and R. E. Flint, Manganese Phase Diagrams, The Manganese Centre, Paris, 1980 L. B. Pankratz, Thermodynamic Properties of Elements and Oxides, Bull. 672, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1982. 

FIG. 13 Phase diagram of a vector lattice model for a balanced ternary amphiphilic system in the temperature vs surfactant concentration plane. W -I- O denotes a region of coexistence between oil- and water-rich phases, D a disordered phase, Lj an ordered phase which consists of alternating oil, amphiphile, water, and again amphi-phile sheets, and L/r an incommensurate lamellar phase (not present in mean field calculations). The data points are based on simulations at various system sizes on an fee lattice. (From Matsen and Sullivan [182]. Copyright 1994 APS.)... 

The lowest value of Qeff corresponds to different structures for different along the bifurcation line. The sequence of phases is always the same for various strengths of surfactant (with 7 > 27/4) and for increasing p it is L—>G—>D—>P—>C. For 7 = 50 (strong surfactant, like C10E5) the portion of the phase diagram corresponding to the stable cubic phases is shown in Fig. 14(b). For surfactants weaker than in the case shown in Fig. 14 the cubic phases occur for a lower surfactant volume fraction for example, for 7=16 cubic phases appear for p 0.45. 

Figure 8.16 (Fluid -+- fluid) phase diagram for a near-ideal system. Reproduced with permission from W. B. Streett, Chapter 1 in Chemical Engineering ai Supercritical Fluid Conditions, M. E. Paulaitis, J. M. L. Penninger. R. D. Gray Jr., and P. Davidson, editors, Ann Arbor Science Press. Michigan, 1983.

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

Murray, J. L., in Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, P. R. Subramanian, D. J. Chakrabarti, and D. E. Laughlin, Editors. 1994, American Society for Metals Metals Park, OH. 

Figure 4.23 Synthesis space diagram for a ternary system composed of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium hydroxide (H, hexagonal phase [MCM-41] C, cubic phase [MCM-48] L, lamellar phase [MCM-50] H20/Si02 = 100, reaction temperature 100°C, reaction time 10 days). (Reprinted from Science, Vol. 267, A. Firouzi, D. Kumar, L.M. Bull, T. Besier, R Sieger, Q. Huo, S.A. Walker, J.A. Zasadzinski, C. Glinka, J. Nicol, D.l. Margolese, G.D. Stucky, B.F. Chmelka, Cooperative Organization of Inorganic-Surfactant and Biomimetic Assemblies, pp. 1138-1143. Copyright 1995. With permission of AAAS.)...

Fig. 5.12 Two different 3-D representations of the phase diagram of 3-methylpyridine plus wa-ter(H/D). (a) T-P-x(3-MP) for three different H2O/D2O concentration ratios. The inner ellipse (light gray) and corresponding critical curves hold for (0 < W(D20)/wt% < 17). Intermediate ellipses stand for (17(D20)/wt% < 21), and the outer ellipses hold for (21(D20)/wt% < 100. There are four types of critical lines, and all extrema on these lines correspond to double critical points, (b) Phase diagram at approximately constant critical concentration 3-MP (x 0.08) showing the evolution of the diagram as the deuterium content of the solvent varies. The white line is the locus of temperature double critical points whose extrema (+) corresponds to the quadruple critical point. Note both diagrams include portions at negative pressure (Visak, Z. P., Rebelo, L. P. N. and Szydlowski, J. J. Phys. Chem. B. 107, 9837 (2003))...

Fig. 27. Phase diagram of an adsorbed film in- the simple cubic lattice from mean-fleld calculations (full curves - flrst-order transitions, broken curves -second-order transitions) and from a Monte Carlo calculation (dash-dotted curve - only the transition of the first layer is shown). Phases shown are the lattice gas (G), the ordered (2x1) phase in the first layer, lattice fluid in the first layer F(l) and in the bulk F(a>). For the sake of clarity, layering transitions in layers higher than the second layer (which nearly coincide with the layering of the second layer and merge at 7 (2), are not shown. The chemical potential at gas-liquid coexistence is denoted as ttg, and 7 / is the mean-field bulk critical temperature. While the layering transition of the second layer ends in a critical point Tj(2), mean-field theory predicts two tricritical points 7 (1), 7 (1) in the first layer. Parameters of this calculation are R = —0.75, e = 2.5p, 112 = Mi/ = d/2, D = 20, and L varied from 6 to 24. (From Wagner and Binder .)...

R. Boehler, D. Errandonea, and M. Ross, The laser-heated diamond cell High P-T phase diagrams, in High Pressure Phenomena Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Course CXLVII, R. J. Hemley, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Bernasconi, and L. Ulivi, eds., lOS Press, Amsterdam, 2002, p. 55. 

Saridakis, E., Shaw Stewart, P. D., Lloyd, L. F. and Blow, D. M. (1994). Phase-Diagram and Dilution Experiments in the Crystallization of Carboxypeptidase-G(2). Acta Crystallogr. D 50,293-297. 

Figure 4.16 Phase diagram of poly(isoprene-Z>-2-vinylpyridine) with octyl gallate, indicating the transition between different morphologies with octyl gallate content and temperature (D, disordered S, spherical H, hexagonal L, lamellar L2, lamellar with reduced spacing I, intermediate state). Reprinted ftomBondzic et al. (2004). Copyright2004 American Chemical Society.

Katz, D.L., Vink, D.J., and David, R.A. Phase Diagram of a Mixture of Natural Gas and Natural Gasoline Near the Critical Conditions, Trans., AIME (1940) 136, 106-118. 

FIGU RE 1.2 Phase diagrams for some simple natural gas hydrocarbons that form hydrates. Ql lower quadruple point Q2 upper quadruple point. (Modified from Katz, D.L., Cornell, D., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F.H., Vary, J.A., Elenbaas, J.R., Weinaug, C.F., The Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, McGraw Hill Bk. Co. (1959). With permission.)... 

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