Cytotoxic agents, application

Of the non-antibody, non-liposome based drug targeting strategies, most of the (limited) clinical experience has been obtained with polymer-based conjugates of anticancer drugs. The most widely employed drugs for this application are cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin and... 

The approach to PNET is similar to that described for osteosarcomas, although the chosen cytotoxic agents are different and radiotherapy plays a more important role. Treatment should be started with chemotherapy, usually comprising a combination of agents such as doxorubicin, VP-16, ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-D and vincristine. After an optimal local response has been obtained, either surgery or local radiotherapy is applied depending on the site of the disease and the applicability of the technique. Sometimes a combination of both is applied. After optimal local treatment. 

Azathioprine also has applications in certain disorders with autoimmune components, most commonly rheumatoid arthritis. It is as effective as cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Wegener s granulomatosis. It has largely been replaced by cyclosporine in immunosuppressive therapy. Relative to other cytotoxic agents, the better oral absorption of azathioprine is the reason for its more widespread clinical use. 

Thorpe, P. E. (1985) Antibody carriers of cytotoxic agents in cancer therapy a review, in Monoclonal Antibodies 84 Biological and Clinical Applications (Pinchera, A., Doria, G., Dammacco, F., and Bargellesi, E., eds.), Editrice Kurds s. r. 1., Milan, pp. 475-506. 

The reaction serves as an illustrative example of the synthetic utilization of the Te(II)—>Te(IV) two-electron shuttle. Another promising application is seen in photodynamic therapy in which tellurapyrylium dyes 119 can function as photosensitizers to produce either singlet oxygen or superoxide radical-anions (via electron transfer), thereby serving as cytotoxic agents. An important useful property of tellurapyrylium dyes is their absorbance in the near-infrared region where biological tissues are most important. 

Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives are active cytotoxic agents with specific affinity for the microtubule protein of the mitotic spindle. Normal assembly of the spindle is prevented, and epidermal mitoses are arrested in metaphase. A 25% concentration of podophyllum resin in compound tincture of benzoin is recommended for the treatment of condyloma acuminatum. Application should be restricted to wart tissue only, to limit the total amount of medication used and to prevent severe erosive changes in adjacent tissue. In treating cases of large condylomas, it is advisable to limit application to sections of the affected area to minimize systemic absorption. The patient is instructed to wash off the preparation 2-3 hours after the initial application, since the irritant reaction is variable. Depending on the individual patient s reaction, this period can be extended to 6-8 hours on subsequent applications. If three to five applications have not resulted in significant resolution, other methods of treatment should be considered. 

In turn, the latter species is believed to be the cytotoxic agent that results from the application of methyl viologen on plants engaged in photosynthesis (photon-driven electron transfer).39... 

Trolamine must not be applied in cases of infection salicylates can accelerate the penetration of microbes into the skin and aggravate any pre-existing infection. It has been shown to cause local skin irritation and scabs to form on the areas to which it has been applied. Skin irritation increases the more it is applied. In smaller quantities, repeated application only induces epidermal hyperplasia. Some authors consider TEAS to be a potential cytotoxic agent. It is a potential skin irritant that makes the skin sensitive and can cause contact allergies. 

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