Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases induction

The induction of liver enzymes has been demonstrated in many species, including humans, and probably represents a homeostatic, defense mechanism. Induction usually requires multiple exposures to the inducing agent over a period of several days, the time required for the synthesis of new protein. Enzymes induced include the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system glucuronyltransferase the microsomal ethanol oxidative system and the steroid-metabolizing system. 

GUNIA, W., HINDERER, W., WITTKAMPF, U., BARZ, W Elicitor induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in cell suspension cultures of chickpea and their involvement in pterocarpan phytoalexin biosynthesis. Z Natwforsch, 1991, 36c, 58-66. 

Detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, and hydrolases play important roles in the metabolism of and resistance to insecticides in insects. These enzymes possess the capacity for rapid increases in activity in response to chemical stress, a phenomenon known as enzyme induction. Readers are referred to reviews by Terriere and Yu (1974), Terriere (1984), Brattsten (1979), Yu (1986a, 1996, 2001) and Feyereisen (2005) for discussion of work pertaining to induction of detoxification enzymes in insects. 

The importance of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, car-boxylesterases, and epoxide hydrolases in insecticide metabolism and detoxification, as well as in insecticide resistance, is well documented. It is, therefore, logical to expect that an increase in these enzyme activities resulting from induction by xenobiotics would decrease the toxicity of an insecticide because of enhanced metabolism (see review by Yu, 1986a). 

Vaillant, C., Monod, G., and Volataire, Y. et al. (1989). Measurement and induction of cytochrome P450 and monooxygenases in a primary culture of rainbow trout hepatocytes. Comptes Redus de L Academic des Sciences 308, 83-88. 

Huang, Y.W., M.J. Melancon, R.E. Jung, and W.H. Karasov. 1998. Induction of cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases in northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, by 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Environ. 

Ueng, Y. E., Wang, J. J., Lin, L. C., Park, S. S. and Chen, C. F. 2001. Induction of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase in mouse liver and kidney by rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of the herbal drug Evodia rutaecarpa. Life Sciences, 70 207-217. 

Evans, J.G, Appleby, E.C., Lake, B.G Coiming, D M. (1989) Studies on the induction of cholangiofibrosis by coumarin in the rat. Toxicology, 55, 207-224 Faurschou, P. (1982) Toxic hepatitis due to benzo-pyrone. Hum. Toxicol, 1, 149-150 Fentem, J.H. Fry, J.R. (1991) Comparison of the effects of inducers of cytochrome P450 on Mongolian gerbil and rat hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities. Xenobiotica, 21, 895-904... 

Kurokohchi K, Matsuo Y, Yoneyama H, Nishioka M, Ichikawa Y. Interleukin-2 induction of cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenase systems of rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1993 45 585-92. 

Narhi, L.O. and A.J. Fulco (1982). Phenobarbital induction of a soluble cytochrome P450 dependent fatty acid monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2147-2150. 

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