Cyclohexanone evaporation rate

For example, an ink may contain a mixture of cyclohexanone with an evaporation rate of 0.2 and butoxyethanol (Butyl Cellosolve) with an evaporation rate of 0.07. Additional factors to take into account when choosing the solvents are the interaction of the solvent with the substrate, e.g., swelling of polymeric substrates enhances adhesion. Surface tension will influence print quality and dot gain with high surface tension solvents leading to smaller drops. 

SBR CHX, Toluene, Et-acetate, Tetralin, Cyclohexanone Eilm properties depended on the evaporation rate, but there was no evaporation rate dependence when the casting solvent was CHX. Density measurements, Rheovibron dynamic viscoelastometer, TMA, SEM [Beamish and Hourston, 1976 Beamish et al. 1977]... 

Nitrocellulose lacquers can be formulated with a large number of ketone solvents. Acetone, a fast evaporating solvent, will tolerate large additions of cheaper aromatic diluents to the nitrocellulose lacquers. The low viscosity of acetone and the hydrocarbon additions affords low solution viscosities. Other ketones that are useful as nitrocellulose solvents and that have high aliphatic and aromatic dilution ratios include MEK and MIBK. Additional ketones that find use in nitrocellulose lacquers include methyl /i-amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, dipropyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone. Selection of the ketone often will depend on the desired evaporation rate. 

The industrially available ketones offer a wide range of evaporation rates for the various coating applications. A solvent with excellent solvency and a fast, intermediate or slow evaporation rate for a particular coating application is available in the commercially produced ketones. Major producers of the ketones include Eastman Chemical Company, Exxon Chemical Company, Hoechst Celanese Company, Shell Chemical Company, and Union Carbide Corporation. BASF Corporation produces the cyclic ketone cyclohexanone. Acetone the lowest boiling-point ketone is produced by The Dow Chemical Company, Exxon Chemical Company, and Texaco Chemical Company. 

Triethyl phosphonoacetate (11.2 g, 0.05 mol) is added dropwise at 20 °C to a slurry of 50 per cent sodium hydride (2.4 g, 0.05 mol) in 100 ml of dry 1,2-dimethoxyethane. After the addition, the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature until gas evolution has ceased. Cyclohexanone (4.9 g, 0.05 mol) is added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature is maintained below 30 °C. After the addition, the solution is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature during which time a viscous semi-solid appears. The mixture is taken up in a large excess of water, and the aqueous solution extracted with ether. The ether layer, after being dried over magnesium sulphate and evaporated, gives a liquid residue, b.p. 88-90 °C/10mmHg, 5.8 g (70%), 1.4704. 

As described in Chapter 12, hydrogenation of cyclohexanone or related cyclic ketones over pre-reduced palladium hydroxide or palladium oxide in alcoholic solvents gave the ether as the primary product.35 The mechanism put forth for this reaction involved the intermediate formation of a ketal which was then hydrogenolyzed to the ether (Eqn. 18.12) 6 Evaporated platinum and palladium blacks, which have no basic impurities, promoted facile acetal formation. Further hydrogenation over palladium gave the ether as the almost exclusive product at a rate four times faster than that observed when reduced palladium hydroxide was used as the catalyst. Over the evaporated platinum catalyst only moderate amounts of the ether were formed. The primary product was the alcohol accompanied by some alkane.36 Ether formation was also observed on hydrogenation of cyclic ketones over Pt02 in ethanolic-HCl at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Acetal formation occurred on... 

Very recently, Pericas reported a new strategy to immobihze trans-4-hydroxypro-line onto an insoluble Merrifield-type polymer by exploiting Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ( click chemistry ) [42]. The supported catalyst 25 was successfully employed in the a-aminoxylation of ketones and aldehydes (Scheme 8.13). Under the optimized reaction conditions (20mol%/cat, 2 equiv. ketone, DMF, 23 °C, 3 h), the reaction of cyclohexanone with nitrosobenzene catalyzed by 25 gave the product in 60% yield and 98% ee (Scheme 8.13 Equation a). It should be noted that the reaction rates of cyclic ketones with supported catalyst are faster than those reported with (S)-proline. The use of a supported catalyst allowed for a simplification of the work-up procedure, as the product could often be obtained after simple filtration of the catalyst and evaporation of the solvents. Furthermore, 25 was recycled up to three times without any decrease in either the chemical and/or stereochemical efficiency. 

Reaction Conditions. The ozone-oxygen mixture used in these reactions was obtained from either a Welsbach T-23 or T-408 Laboratory Ozonator. When pure oxygen was fed into the ozonator at the rate of 0.6 liter/min., the efiluent was ca. 5% ozone as determined by iodometric titration. A small fraction of this stream giving 0.5-1 mg. of ozone per minute was bubbled through 2-10 ml. of hydrocarbon solvent contained in a small flask fitted with a cold finger condenser (to minimize solvent evaporation). Most of our results were obtained from competition experiments either with known mixtures of solvents or with compounds which can react to give several products. In a few experiments the total yield of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone obtained from the oxidation of cyclohexane at room temperature was estimated to be 0.2 to 0.3 mg./min. 

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