Cyclic dependent kinase

N. C. A three-dimensional in silico pharmacophore model for inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum cyclic-dependent kinases and discovery of different classes... 

A number of kinase structures have been determined in various catalytic states. For example, structures of the cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK2, in its inactive state and in a partially active state after cyclin binding have been discussed in Chapter 6. The most thoroughly studied kinase is the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase the structure of both the inactive and the active... 

Noradrenaline acts on three types of receptor. The ai receptors mediate the main excitatory effects of noradrenaline upon wake-active neurons in the dorsal raphe, basal forebrain, and elsewhere (Vandermaelen Aghajanian, 1983 Nicoll, 1988 Fort et al., 1995 Brown et al., 2002). The a2 receptors mediate inhibitory effects of noradrenaline, e.g. on noradrenaline neurons themselves and on cholinergic brainstem neurons (Williams et al., 1985 Williams Reiner, 1993). The (3-receptors modulate neurons in a more subtle fashion, increasing excitability via blockade of afterhyperpolarizations in hippocampal and cortical neurons (Haas Konnerth, 1983). Activation of (3-receptors also promotes synaptic plasticity via activation of the cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal transduction pathway (Stanton Sarvey, 1987 Cirelli et al., 1996). 

CaMK kinases are Ca2+/calmodulin regulated kinases, while CMGC Pks collect cyclic-dependent, mitogene-activated peptide (MAP) kinases, GSK3 and Clk kinases, that phosphorylate substrates in proline-rich domains. The last group are PTKs (protein tyrosine kinases), which include both receptor and non-receptor kinases, which phosphorylates tyrosine residues (this will be discussed in Sect. 4.3). 

Phosphorylation of HI during mitosis is catalyzed by the cyclin B-Cdc2 kinase, a tightly regulated enzyme [25,26]. In Tetrahymena mitotically dividing nuclei, cyclic-AMP dependent kinase (PKA) or PKA-like kinase phosphorylates HI [27,28]. Protein phosphatase 1 dephosphorylates the phosphorylated HI [29]. 

Figure 11-2 Roles of phosphofructose kinase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in the control of the breakdown and storage (—+) of glycogen in muscle. The uptake of glucose from blood and its release from tissues is also illustrated. The allosteric effector fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) regulates both phosphofructokinase and fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. These enzymes are also regulated by AMP if it accumulates. The activity of phosphofructokinase-2 (which synthesizes Fru-2,6-P2) is controlled by a cyclic AMP-dependent kinase and by dephosphorylation by a phosphatase.

Hanbauer I, Wink D, Osawa Y, Edelman GM, Gaily JA (1992) Role of nitric oxide in NMDA-evoked release of [3H]-dopamine from striatal slices. Neuroreport 3 409-12 Hartell NA (1994) cGMP acts within cerebellar Purkinje cells to produce long term depression via mechanisms involving PKC and PKG. Neuroreport 5 833-6 Haug LS, Jensen V, Hvalby O, Walaas SI, Ostvold AC (1999) Phosphorylation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases in vitro and in rat cerebellar slices in situ. J Biol Chem 274 7467-73... 

Cyclic nucleotide regulated protein kinase family = Adenylyl cyclases = A-kinase anchor proteins = Atypical PKCs = Atrial natriuretic peptide = Adenosine 5 -triphosphate = Brain natriuretic peptide = Ca Vcalmodulin-dependent kinases = Cyclin-dependent kinases = Ca -dependent protein kinase = Casein kinase I = Casein kinase II = Dcd-like kinase... 

H13. Hug, G., Schubert, W. K., and Chuck, G., Loss of cyclic 3, 5 -AMP dependent kinase and reduction of phosphorylase kinase in skeletal muscle of a girl with deactivated phosphorylase and glycogenosis of liver and muscle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40, 982-988 (1970). 

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