Cyanogenic glycosides seeds

Cyanogenic glycosides (seed and fresh flower) (List and HSrhammer 1973) see Appendix 1. 

The analyses have shown that morama beans seem to contain neither cyanogenic glycosides nor the enzymes that break these down to hydrogen cyanide (Holse et al., 2010). The fact that morama beans (T. esculentum) do not seem to be cyanogenic is in accordance with results from Dubois et al. (1995) who found that T. fassoglense seeds did not contain any detectable amounts of cyanogenic glycosides. 

Various methods could be used to reduce the cyanogenic glycosides content in the seed. Wanasundara et al. (1993) investigated the use of solvents extraction as a means to reduce cyanogenic glycosides content of flaxseed meal. They found that extraction of flaxseed with alkanol-ammonia-water/ hexane resulted in enhanced removal of cyanogenic compounds from 41 to... 

Cyanide and thiocyanate are normal constituents of blood (77). Sources of cyanide include some foods, for example, cyanogenic glycosides in bitter almonds, fruit seeds, and a number of plants, cigarette smoke, and smoke from fires. The blood concentration of cyanide in healthy subjects was... 

A colourless, crystalline, cyanogenic, glycoside present in bitter almond seeds, Prunus amygdalus var. amara, apricot kernels and other seeds of the Rosaceae. M.p. about 220° after solidifying the substance remelts at 125° to 130°. 

Nahrstedt, A., Sattar, E.A. and El-Zalabani, S.M.H. (1990) Amygdalin acyl derivatives cyanogenic glycosides from the seeds oi Merremia dissecta. Phytochemistry, 29, 1179-82. 

In addition, cyanides can be found in the seeds of the apple, peach, plum, apricot, cherry, and almond in the form of amygdatin, a cyanogenic glycoside. Amygdatin (Laetrile) has been used as an... 

Retrospective identification of cyanide poisoning in a CW context would be complicated by exposure from other sources, which include cigarette smoke, smoke from fires and some foods, e.g. cyanogenic glycosides in bitter almonds, fruit seeds and a number of plants. Quoted blood concentrations in non-smokers vary from a few ng/ml to >100 ng/ml. In nine fire victims, the concentrations determined were 687 597 ng/ml (Ishii et al., 1998). In smokers, cyanide levels in blood may rise to 500 ng/ml. 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid was detected in the urine of moderate cigarette smokers at concentrations between < 44-162 ng/ml (Lundquist et al., 1995). 

Since 1970, a new class of cyano compounds has been isolated from certain seed oils that are of interest as some members, like cyanogenic glycosides, liberate HCN on enzymic or mild chemical hydrolysis All the authenticated compounds occur in several genera of the Sapindaceae (soapberry) family " and they can comprise up to 50% v/v of the extract, e.g. in kusum seed oil. These cyanolipids are mono- or di-esters of mono- or dihydroxy-nitriles and 4 types are known (Figure 22). The chain length of the fatty acid moiety, which may be saturated or not (e.g. commonly from oleic acid), can be C14 to C22 with C18 and C20 predominant and the double bond in type 3 can be Z or E, but structural variations are few. After hydrolysis the a-hydroxynitriles derived from types 1 and 4 are cyanogenic. In many plant species one type occurs to the virtual exclusion of the others thus type 1 accumulates in Allophyllus and Paullina spp, whereas type 2 is characteristic of... 

Apple (ohewed seeds) Malus domestica 1 Cyanogenic glycosides (see p 177)... 

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