CXC subfamily

CXC subfamilies (according to the sequence of amino terminal region)... 

Table 1 Properties of human C, CX3C, and CXC ELR chemokine a subfamilies ...

Chemokines are a family of small, structurally related molecules that play a fundamental role in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system (overview provided in Chap. 1). Four closely related subfamilies of chemokines have now been characterized (13,14). Of these, members of two subfamilies in particular have definitively been shown to participate in pulmonary antimicrobial host responses. The ELR+ CXC chemokine family members, which includes CXCLl-8 and CXCL15, have predominant neutrophil stimulatory and chemotactic activities, whereas the ELR CXC chemokines and CC chemokine family exerts predominant chemotactic and/or activating effects on macrophages, specific T cell populations, and/or eosinophils (14). Several lines of evidence would suggest that CXC and CC chemokines represent integral components of antimicrobial host defense. First, the well characterized in vitro and in vivo leuko-... 

The CC chemokines have the first two-cysteine residues adjacent to each other (Cysteine-Cysteine). This subfamily usually does not act on resting neutrophils and is predominantly known as potent mononuclear cell chemoattractants (i.e., mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells, basophils, and eosinophils) with variable selectivity. Similar to the CXC chemokines, the NH2-terminal amino acids preceding the CC residues determine their biologic activity and leu-... 

Sequence analysis of the 145 kh KSHV genome revealed one ORF, ORF74, with the hallmark of a chemokine receptor and three ORFs, K6, K4 and K4.1, encoding the chemokines vCCLl, vCCL2 and vCd.3 respectively. vCCL2 is unique in the chemokine system because it binds to and antagonizes receptors from all of the four chemokine receptor subfamilies (CC, CXC, XC and Besides having sprecific pro- and/or anti- chemotactic properties, all... 

Neutrophils are polymorph nuclear cells that are critical for defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are traditionally known to express only a very limited number of chemokine receptors and the recruitment of these phagocytes to the side of infection is mainly directed by the CXC chemokine subfamily, in particular CXCRl and CXCR2 [11-13]. However, the expression pattern of the chemokine receptors on the neutrophil is subjected to change. Hartl et al. (2008) described that neutrophils while infiltrating at the pulmonary and synovial site of inflammation... 

Although most chemokines recognize more than one receptor, it seems to be a general rule that CC receptors only bind CC chemokines, whereas CXC chemokines are recognized by CXC receptors. Thus there is no crossreactivity between members of the four chemokine subfamilies [8j. However, exceptions to this rule have been published [12-15]. 

Modi, W. S., and Chen, Z. Q. (1998). Localization of the human CXC chemokine subfamily on the long arm of chromosome 4 using radiation hybrids. Genomics 47, 136 139. 

The family of cytokines that recruits specific types of leukocytes is called the chemokines. Chemokines have conserved cysteine residues and are classified into C, CC, CXC, and CX3C subfamilies. We will focus here on the discussions of C and CX3C chemokines. 

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