Cupric potassium chloride

Feeding 1,2-dichloroethane, hydrogen chloride, and oxygen onto a fluidized bed at 400°C produces trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. The catalyst bed consists of cupric chloride and potassium chloride on graphite. A modified oxychlorination technique known as the Transcat process has been developed by the Lummus Co. (32). The feedstock can be a saturated hydrocarbon or chlorohydrocarbon and the process is suited to the production of and chlorohydrocarbons. 

Dichloroethylene can be produced by direct chlorination of acetylene at 40°C. It is often produced as a by-product ia the chlorination of chloriaated compounds (2) and recycled as an iatermediate for the synthesis of more useful chloriaated ethylenes (3). 1,2-Dichloroethylene can be formed by contiauous oxychloriaation of ethylene by use of a cupric chloride—potassium chloride catalyst, as the first step ia the manufacture of vinyl chloride [75-01-4] (4). 

The catalyst, and the source of the oxygen, is cupric oxide dissolved in a molten mixture of cupric chloride and potassium chloride. Developed by Lummus Corporation. 

In order to balance mineral intake, the following minerals were used in place of the usual mineral mix (% of diet) potassium chloride, 0.32 magnesium oxide, 0.084 manganous carbonate, 0.0123 ferric nitrate, 0.021 zinc carbonate, 0.0056 cupric carbonate, 0.0011 potassium iodate, 0.0004 sodium selenite, 0.00003 chromium potassium sulfate, 0.00193. 

This double salt is made easily by dissolving potassium chloride, KC1, and cupric chloride, CuCl2-2H20, in water in the proportion of two molecules of the former to one of the latter and evaporating the solution to crystallization. This salt, as well as the corresponding ammonium salt, is used in the determination of carbon in iron. Iron dissolves in a concentrated solution of the salt, leaving the carbon undissolved, and the latter can be filtered off and estimated by combustion. 

Diazotise 223 g. of 2-naphtliylamine-l-sulphonic acid as detailed under fi-Bromonaphthalene in Section IV,62. Prepare cuprous cyanide from 125 g. of cupric sulphate pentahydrate (Section IV,66) and dissolve it in a solution of 65 g. of potassium cyanide in 500 ml. of water contained in a 1-litre three-necked flask. Cool the potassium cuprocyanide solution in ice, stir mechanically, and add the damp cake of the diazonium compound in small portions whilst maintaining the temperature at 5-8°. Nitrogen is soon evolved and a red precipitate forms gradually. Continue the stirring for about 10 hours in the cold, heat slowly to the boiling point, add 250 g. of potassium chloride, stir, and allow to stand. Collect the orange crystals which separate by suction filtration recrystallise first from water and then from alcohol dry at 100°. The product is almost pure potassium 2-cyanonaphthalene-l-sulphonate. Transfer the product to a 2-litre round-bottomed flask, add a solution prepared from 400 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid and 400 g. of crushed ice, and heat the mixture under reflux for 12 hours. Collect the -naphthoic acid formed (some of which sublimes from the reaction mixture) by suction filtration... 

Chloroprene (boiling point 59.4°C, density 0.9583) is, chemically, a chlorovinyl ester of hydrochloric acid and can be manufactured by polymerizing acetylene to vinyl acetylene using a weak solution containing ammonium chloride (NH4C1), cuprous chloride (Cu2Cl2), and potassium chloride (KC1) as catalyst. The off-gas from the reactor has its water condensed out and is then fractionated. Aqueous hydrochloric acid at 35 to 45 °C is then reacted with the vinyl acetylene in the presence of cupric chloride to give chloroprene (2-chloro-l,3-butadiene). 

The catalysts for this reaction are cupric chloride (CuCl2), potassium chloride (KC1), and alumina (A1203) or silica (Si02). 

Complex salts of cupric sulphate with cupric chloride, potassium sulphate, and potassium chloride have been described.2... 

Why does potassium iodide give cuprous iodide, whereas potassium chloride does not give cuprous chloride, when added to a cupric sulfate solution ... 

Hilton [82] described a colorimetric method B for determining amine antioxidants (p-phenylenediamine derivatives) based on the reaction of an ethanol extract of the polymer with cupric acetate in an hydrochloric acid/potassium chloride buffered medium. Kabota [83] made coloured derivatives of amines with benzothiazoline-2-one hydrazone hydrochloride and ferric chloride, and evaluated the colours obtained, spectroscopically. 

Aluminum Sulphate Cupric Chloride Potassium Chloride Sodium Carbonate... 

Catalysts are usually prepared on a large scale by impregnating a suitable alumina support with aqueous solutions of cupric chloride and potassium chloride. Other alkaU metals or rare earth chlorides have been used as promoters or to inhibit by-product formation. 

Anhydrous cupric sulphate is white but forms a blue hydrate and a blue aqueous solution. The solution turns yellow when treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, dark blue with ammonia, and gives a white precipitate and brown solution when treated with potassium iodide. A yellow-brown aqueous solution of ferric chloride becomes paler on acidification with sulphuric or nitric... 

The most suitable oxidizing agent is potassium ferricyanide, but ferric chloride, hydrogen peroxide ia the presence of ferrous salts, ammonium persulfate, lead dioxide, lead tetraacetate or chromate, or silver and cupric salts may be useful. Water mixed, eg, with methanol, dimethylformamide, or glycol ethers, is employed as reaction medium. 

Oxychlorination of Ethylene or Dichloroethane. Ethylene or dichloroethane can be chlorinated to a mixture of tetrachoroethylene and trichloroethylene in the presence of oxygen and catalysts. The reaction is carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor at 425°C and 138—207 kPa (20—30 psi). The most common catalysts ate mixtures of potassium and cupric chlorides. Conversion to chlotocatbons ranges from 85—90%, with 10—15% lost as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (24). Temperature control is critical. Below 425°C, tetrachloroethane becomes the dominant product, 57.3 wt % of cmde product at 330°C (30). Above 480°C, excessive burning and decomposition reactions occur. Product ratios can be controlled but less readily than in the chlorination process. Reaction vessels must be constmcted of corrosion-resistant alloys. 

As with other metals, cupric and cuprous halides can detonate in contact with potassium. In addition, the action of cuprous chloride on lithium azide gives rise to a very violent reaction. 

Thallium(III), particularly as the trifluoroacetate salt, is also a reactive electrophilic metallating species, and a variety of synthetic schemes based on arylthallium intermediates have been devised.75 Arylthallium compounds are converted to chlorides or bromides by reaction with the appropriate cupric halide.76 Reaction with potassium iodide gives aryl iodides.77 Fluorides are prepared by successive treatment with potassium fluoride and boron trifluoride.78 Procedures for converting arylthallium compounds to nitriles and phenols have also been described.79... 

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