Cross-sectional analyses

Daumit et al. (2003) conducted a series of cross-sectional analyses of outpatient physician visits from 1992-2000 where antipsychotics were prescribed. The data was collected from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. African Americans had half the odds of receiving an SGA and Hispanics had 40% of the odds, compared with Whites in the early 1990s. During 1998-2000, the frequency of SGA use for non-psychotic disorders in African Americans was equivalent to Whites but still 25% lower when patients were receiving treatment for a psychotic disorder. The use of SGAs in Hispanics increased and was equal to that of Whites in the late 1990s for all psychiatric diagnoses. 

Fig. 2.35 AFM height images and corresponding cross sectional analyses of a PMMA thin film on silicon that was partially removed in the vertical direction (a raw data b d planefitted data, details see text)...

Fig. 3.29 Cross-sectional analyses of [3-iPP lamellae (crystallized isothermally in a thick film at 140°C for 1 h and subsequently exposed to KMn04 etching) viewed in (a) flat-on projection (top) and (b) in edge-on projection (bottom) together with corresponding section analyses and histograms of lamellar thicknesses. With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media from [65]. Copyright (1998).. Springer-Verlag...

Fig. 1. Hypothetical scheme of fat, fatty acid ((0-6, cn-3, trans and total) intake (as percent of calories from fat) and intake of vitamins E and C (mg/d). Data were extrapolated from cross-sectional analyses of contemporary hunter-gatherer populations and from longitudinal observations and their putative changes during the preceding 100 yr. (Simopoulos, 1999a).

Cross-sectional analyses of larger cohorts suggest that there is a shght reduction in postprandial GLP-1 secretion following the ingestion of a mixed meal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance display intermediate results between healthy controls (normal response) and type 2-diabetic patients (reduced response) [88]. This is true for both total and intact GLP-1... 

Figure 20 shows a comparison between computed ground movements beneath the excavation for two SSS analyses with (a) ijt = 0 and (b) it = (p, using permeability profile A from Figure 16. It can be seen that with dilation the heave of the surface is mueh larger. However, the displaeement of the wall is similar in the two analyses. In faet, in all correct analyses using permeability profile A, for the cross section analysed...

The determination of lamellar thicknesses (161) has heen dismissed in detail by Trifonova and co-workers (162). The cross-sectional analyses of contact mode SFM images acquired on permanganate-etched specimens of isotactic PP (100% /3-modification) are shown in Figure 15. 

Maynard M, Gunnell D, Ness AR, Abraham L, Bates CJ, Blane D. What influences diet in early old age Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort. Eur Public Health. 2006 16(3) 316—324. 

Boston, MA, NAS subjects (N = 519) for cross-sectional analyses Trabecular, cortical bone Pb levels SBP, DBP as continuous endpoint Significant positive association between tibial Pb and SBP, insignificant positive linkage for patellar Pb and SBP Cheng et al. (2001)... 

Table 13.5 summarizes results of six cross-sectional studies from U.S. locales, where the Pb exposure biomarker was bone Pb rather than PbB. Sample sizes varied as did the nature and extent of cardiovascular effect relationships to this more toxicokinetically stable biomarker. However, statistically significant associations of BP or hypertension with bone Pb were not consistently detected. Hu et al. (1996) analyzed for relationships of trabecular or tibial bone values with hypertension in mainly aging Boston, MA, Caucasian males enrolled in the VA NAS. No significant link of either bone Pb type with hypertension was identified. However, a second evaluation of male Boston enrollees in the NAS (/V = 519, cross-sectional analyses) using the same bone Pb biomarkers but SBP and DBP as continuous endpoint variables (Cheng et al., 2001) produced a positive significant association of tibial Pb and SBP but only an insignificant positive association of SBP with patellar Pb. 

Cross-sectional analyses are supportive of a protective relationship between soy intake and bone health (Messina et al. 2004) for example, modest association were shown in Chinese early PMW women, but only if more than 4 years post-menopause (Ho et al. 2003). A prospective study found that PRE-M women with higher SI intakes had a slower rate of bone loss (measured by bone mineral density (BMD) (average follow-up 38.1 months) (Ho et al. 2001). An inverse association between risk of bone fracture, perhaps a more accurate indicator of OP risk, and SP intake was reported in a cohort of 24,403 Chinese PMW the highest intakes associated with a 48% reduction in risk during early menopause, and a 29% reduction in late menopause compared to the lowest intakes (Zhang et al 2005). 

Visual, X-ray, and cross-section analyses were performed on one of the lead-free, through-hole reworked assemblies. Cross-section analysis showed that part of the copper-pad barrel had dissolved into the solder pot. Additional work is needed to define a workable process to characterize the integrity of the rework for through-hole solder joints. 

Recently, the results of three prospective cohort mortality studies have been reported (44,82,83). The design of these cohort studies has addressed weaknesses in the cross-sectional analyses of population statistics. Cohort studies analyze the incidence of health effects in a sample of individuals whose relevant personal characteristics are recorded along with the exposures in question. Measurement of smoking, sex, age, occupation, and other individual characteristics for each participant in the study allow for direct adjustment for hypothesized confounders. 

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