Cross-contamination of product

The major source of contaminated wastewater from formulation plants is equipment cleanup. Formulation lines, including filling equipment, must be cleaned periodically to prevent cross-contamination of product. Sometimes equipment is washed with formula solvent and rinsed with water. Hence, this waste may contain pesticide ingredients as well as solvents. 

The batch size of other products made in the same equipment—Another factor that should be considered in determining limits for cross-contamination of products is the batch size of other products made in the same... 

Solvent recovery. To prevent cross-contamination of products and to allow for the greater degradation of solvent by high concentrations of fission products and plutonium, two independent solvent recovery systems are provided. Solvent recovery system 1 processes solvent ICW, stream 13, which has been used in the high-activity codecontamination, partitioning, and plutonium purification cycles. System 2 processes the low-activity solvent 2EW, stream 23, which has been used only for final uranium decontamination. Solvent in both systems is processed before recycle by a sodium carbonate wash, filtration and a nitric acid wash. System 1 also uses a second sodium carbonate wash. 

Cross-contamination of products by live biologicals, or by drugs such as certain steroids or antineoplastics which in trace amounts may produce physiological effects should be prevented by methods such as ... 

The separation of the products from the IL catalytic mixture can be performed in various cases by simple decanting and phase separation or by product distillation. In this respect, a continuous-flow process using toluene as extractant has been appHed for the selective Pd-catalyzed dimerization of methyl acrylate in ILs [136]. However, in cases where the products are retained in the IL phase, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide can be used instead of classical liquid-liquid extractions that necessitate the use of organic solvents, which may result in cross-contamination of products. This process was successfully used in catalyst recycling and product separation for the hydroformylation of olefins employing a continuous-flow process in supercritical carbon dioxide-IL mixtures [137]. Similarly, free and immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B dispersed in ILs were used as catalyst for the continuous kinetic resolution of rac-l-phenylethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide at 120°C and 150°C and 10 Mpa with excellent catalytic activity, enzyme stability and enantioselectivity levels (Fig. 3.5-11). 

Field fortification (commonly referred to as field spiking) is the procedure used to prepare study sample matrices to which have been added a known amount of the active ingredient of the test product. The purpose for having field fortification samples available in a worker exposure study is to provide some idea of what happens to the test chemical under the exact environmental field conditions which the worker experiences and to determine the field storage stability of the test substance on or in the field matrix materials. Field fortifications do not serve the purpose of making precise decisions about the chemical, which can better be tested in a controlled laboratory environment. The researcher should not assume that a field fortification sample by its nature provides 100% recovery of the active ingredient at all times. For example, a field fortification sample by its very nature may be prone to cross-contamination of the sample from environmental contaminants expected or not expected to be present at the field site. 

The section on components deals with all materials that may be used in the manufacture, processing, and packaging of drug products, plus materials used for maintenance of the building and equipment. They must be stored and handled in a safe, sanitary, and orderly manner. These precautions are needed to prevent mix-ups and cross-contamination of drugs and drug products. All items should be held until they have been sampled and tested according to the company s specifications and not released until the tests have been completed. In this section it is required that ... 

Apart from Cu1, Zn11 salts or Zn metal were also shown to be effective, thus bringing forward an alternative efficient protocol (36) which may be useful for the applications in which the contamination of products by Cu cannot be tolerated. Such protocols can also be advantageous in cross-coupling with acetylenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents, such as propiolate esters,115 which usually give unsatisfactory results under the standard conditions. 

Cleaning systems must be designed in such a way that cross-contamination of the effective medicinal contents of the products is precluded. For this reason, CIP systems of types 2 and 3 are recommended. 

Give consideration to cleaning. It is important to prevent cross-contamination of very potent products it is not just a rainy day project. Good cleaning can prevent recalls and save a company s reputation. 

In general, sensitization to insects occurs in about 30% of individuals with high-risk exposure. Allergenic insects are not only found at home but frequently in various types of work places which favor the exposure to a number of insect species concurrently. Storage pests are also an important consideration in workers exposed at their workplace as demonstrated in recent studies from Spain and South Africa. Prevalence rates of up to 50% for insects such as cockroaches, mealworms, and mites were documented. While the sensitization to these insects most probably occurred via the inhalational route, cross-contamination of grain and subsequently the end-products can also be expected. 

Each preparation is separated into four phases (I) The tissue treatment phase includes how to handle tissue so there is no cross-contamination of samples and how to grind, powder, or macerate the tissue to enhance isolation. (II) The lysis phase includes how to differentially lyse the cellular membrane and the mitochondrial membrane and how to isolate mitochondria away from the rest of the cell. (Ill) The purification phase includes techniques for extracting purified and enzyme-sensitive DNA from the lysis phase. (IV) The assay phase shows how to assay the final product of the preparation by agarose gel electrophoresis and offers some suggestions as to how to assess the purity of the isolated DNA. 

For impact copolymer production, a second reactor (4) in series is required. A reliable and effective gas-lock system (3) transfers powder from the first (homopolymer) reactor to the second (copolymer) reactor, and prevents cross contamination of reactants between reactors. This is critically important when producing the highest quality impact copolymer. In most respects, the operation of the second reactor system is similar to that of the first, except that ethylene in addition to propylene is fed to the second reactor. Powder from the reactor is transferred and depressurized in a gas/powder separation system (5) and into a purge column (6) for catalyst deactivation. The deactivated powder is then pelletized (7) with additives into the final products. 

Prevent cross-contamination of a higher quality recoverable product with a lower quality material whenever possible i.e., do not combine packaging area drainage with deodorizer cooling water blowdown. 

Because the pharmaceutical industry requires smoother product/solution contact surfaces to achieve a purer product with less danger of bacteria growing in surface defects or cross-contamination of one product with another,in addition to purely mechanical finishes, sanitary tubing and components are also available in highly polished surfaces. 

Other examples of accidental contamination demonstrate the potential size of outbreaks from contamination closer to the source of production or distribution. In 1993, an estimated 403,000 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, residents developed diarrhea due to Cryptosporidia contamination of the municipal drinking water system. Four thousand people required hospitalization and authorities attributed cryptosporidio-sis as the underlying or contributing cause of death for 54 Milwaukee residents (68). In 1994, cross contamination of ice cream premix transported in a truck that had carried liquid, unpasteurized eggs affected 224,000 individuals in 41 states with Salmonella enteritidis (67). In 2000, E. coli 0157 H7 contamination of the Walkerton, Ontario municipal water supply affected over 2,000 residents and caused seven deaths (68). 

The objectives of good manufacturing practices (GMP) include the prevention of possible contamination and cross-contamination of pharmaceutical starting materials and products. 

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