Cronstedt

Cronstedt A F 1756 Observation and description of an unknown kind of rock to be named zeolites Kongl Vetenskaps Akad. Handl. Stockholm 17 120-3... 

Sumelius I G 1992 Attempted translation of the original old-Swedish paper by Cronstedt Molecular Sieves ed M L Ocelli and H E Robson (New York Van Nostrand Reinhold) pp 1-5... 

German Nickel, Satan or Old Nick s and from kupfernickel. Old Nick s copper) Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). 

ZeoHtes were first recognized as a new type of mineral in 1756 by the Swedish mineralogist A. F. Cronstedt (13). The word "zeoHte" was derived from two Greek words, and A/.0O, meaning to boil and a stone. More than 200 synthetic zeoHte types and 50 natural zeoHtes are known. The... 

The first reported use of nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, was in a nickel—copper—2inc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Alloys of nickel may have been used in prehistoric times. The metal was first isolated for analytical study in the mid-1700s by Axel Cronstedt, who named it nickel, which derives from the German word kupfemickel, or false copper. 

An alloy of nickel was known in China over 2000 years ago, and Saxon miners were familiar with the reddish-coloured ore, NiAs, which superficially resembles CU2O. These miners attributed their inability to extract copper from this source to the work of the devil and named the ore Kupfemickel (Old Nick s copper). In 1751 A. F. Cronstedt isolated an impure metal from some Swedish ores and, identifying it with the metallic component of Kupfemickel, named the new metal nickel . In 1804 J. B. Richter produced a much purer sample and so was able to determine its physical properties more accurately. 

In 1751 the Swedish mineralogist, A. F. Cronstedt, discovered a heavy mineral from which in 1803 M. H. Klaproth in Germany and, independently, i. i. Berzelius and W. Hisinger in Sweden, isolated what was thought to be a new oxide (or earth ) which was named ceria after the recently discovered asteroid, Ceres. Between 1839 and 1843 this earth, and the previously isolated yttria (p. 944), were shown by the Swedish surgeon C. G. Mosander to be mixtures from which, by 1907, the oxides of Sc, Y, La and the thirteen lanthanides other than Pm were to be isolated. The small village of Ytterby near Stockholm is celebrated in the names of no less than four of these elements (Table 30.1). 

Axel Frederik Cronstedt (1722-1765) obtained this shiny element during his investigation of niccolite (NiAs). 

In general, zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates with microporous channels and/or cages in their structures. The first zeolitic minerals were discovered in 1756 by the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt [3], Upon heating of the minerals, he observed the release of steam from the crystals and called this new class of minerals zeolites (Greek zeos = to boil, lithos = stone). Currently, about 160 different zeolite structure topologies are known [4] and many of them are found in natural zeolites. However, for catalytic applications only a small number of synthetic zeolites are used. Natural zeolites typically have many impurities and are therefore of limited use for catalytic applications. Synthetic zeolites can be obtained with exactly defined compositions, and desired particle sizes and shapes can be obtained by controlling the crystallization process. 

Nickel (Ni, [Ar]3 4s2), name after the German kupfernickel (—false copper). Discovered (1751) by the Swedish chemist Axel F. Cronstedt. 

Nickel - the atomic number is 28 and the chemical symbol is Ni. The name derives from the German nickel for deceptive little spirit , since miners called mineral niccolite (NLAs) by the name kupfemickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. 

For 200years following their discovery by Cronstedt, zeolite minerals (or natural zeohtes) were known to occur typically as minor conshtuents in vugs or cavities in basaltic and volcanic rock. Such occurrences precluded their being obtained in mineable quanhhes for commercial use. From the late 1950s to 1962 major geologic discoveries revealed the widespread occurrence of a number of natural... 

Cronstedt, A.F. (1756) Ron och beskriting om en obekant barg ant, som kallas zeolites. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 18,120-130. 

In 1751 Baron Axel Fredrick Cronstedt (1722-1765) used some of the techniques he had learned from his teacher, Georg Brandt (1694—1768), to separate a new metal from copper-hke ore mined in Sweden. He expected to obtain pure copper instead, he ended up with a silver-white metal that did not have the chemical and physical properties of copper. He named this newly identified metal nickel, shortened from the German name the early miners had given the ore kupfernickel. ... 

Nickel Ni 1751 (Stockholm, Sweden) Baron Axel Cronstedt (Swedish) 108... 

A. F. Cronstedt (1756) Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Acad. Hand-lingerU, 120. 

Nickel was isolated first and recognized as an element by Cronstedt in 1751. The metal was derived in pure form by Richter in 1804. The metal takes its name from two German words Nickef and kupfemickef, which mean Old Nick s (or Satan) and Old Nick s copper, respectively. 

Cronstedt, A. F., Aminnelsetal ofver H. T. Scheffer, Lars Salvius, Stock-... 

On his way home from the Netherlands he studied mining and metallurgy in the Harz, and in 1727 he was placed in charged of the chemical laboratory at the Bureau of Mines in Stockholm, which was then in poor financial condition. After the laboratory was sold, Brandt and his students Henrik Teofil Scheffer and Axel Fredrik Cronstedt carried on their epoch-making researches at the Royal Mint, and in 1730 Brandt became assay master of the Mint. Three years later he published a systematic investigation of arsenic and its compounds in which he showed that arsenic is a semi-metal and that white arsenic [arsenious oxide] is its calx (35). 

A. F. Cronstedt once spoke eloquently of what a Brandt in our time can accomplish in cramped quarters, with broad knowledge and with zeal which even age cannot check. This honored man, whose presence here prevents me from saying what I wish, received chemistry and its instruments (already rusting after Hjarne s death) with newer views in natural science, with thorough mathematical knowledge, and with systematic order such as his master Herman Boerhaave of Leyden had... 

Urban Hiame, 1641-1724. Swedish physician, mineralogist, and poet. Assessor and later acting president of the Swedish Bureau of Mines. Author of Regium Labora-tonum Chymicum, Stockholm, 1683. In 1694 he mentioned the ore Kupfernickel, in which Cronstedt more than half a century later discovered nickel. See also ref. (84). 

Cronstedt pomted out that nickel and cobalt are closely associated in nature and that the speiss which falls to the bottom of the pots in which cobalt is vitrified in the manufacture of saffre is composed mainly of nickel containing more or less cobalt, iron, sulfur, and arsenic. 

Many chemists in Sweden and in other parts of the world immediately accepted Cronstedt s claim to the discovery of a new element, but B.-G. Sage (22) and A.-G. Monnet in France believed that his nickel was merely a mixture of cobalt, arsenic, iron, and copper (7). As a matter of fact, it was somewhat contaminated with iron, cobalt, and arsenic, and there-... 

Jagnaux stated that Cronstedt and Rinman operated a successful plant for distilling zinc, and that they were as well versed in metallurgy as in mineralogy (4). Cronstedt also discovered a zeolite, one of the silicates so widely used for softening water, and wrote a paper on it m 1756. He died in Saters parish near Stockholm on August 19, 1765 (32). 

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