Cremophor el

Ethoxylated castor ods or ethoxylated castorwaxes are used as solubilizers of hydrophobic substances in cosmetics. Examples are Cremophor EL (ethyoxylated castor od) and Cremophor RH (40/60 ethoxylated hydrogenated castor od). Other ethoxylated triglycerides are not as effective as castor od. Ethoxylated castor od is also a good solubilizer for vitamin A palmitate (121). 

Hypnotics. Common hypnotics are thiopental, propofol, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine and inhaled anesthetics. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions with thiopental is rare. Recently, thiopental was involved in less than 1% of allergic reactions in France [9]. Ever since Cremophor EL, used as a solvent for some non-barbiturate hypnotics, has been avoided, many previously reported hypersensitivity reactions have disappeared. In the last French surveys, reactions to propofol accounted for less than 2.5% of allergic reactions, and reactions to midazolam, etomidate or ketamine appear to be really rare [9]. Finally, no immune-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction involving isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane has been reported despite their wide use. 

The bis(jS-diketonato) Ti(IV) complex [Ti(bzac)2(OEt)2] 35 (budoti-tane, shown as the predominant cis,cis,cis isomer) entered phase I clinical trials in Germany in 1986 for the treatment of colon cancer (186). The complex is very susceptible to aquation, and to minimize this, the coprecipitate (Cremophor EL, 1,2-propylene glycol in ethanol and 35) is dissolved in water prior to administration. As for titano-cene dichloride, liver damage is the dose-limiting side-effect (187). The activity of this class of complexes shows little dependence on the nature of the leaving group (e.g., OEt, Cl), but aromatic substituents... 

Rege and colleagues have studied the effect of nonionic surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL, Tween 80, and TPGS) on membrane transporters [116], Similar results for vitamin E TPGS using talinolol and rhodamine 123 as P-gp substrates have been reported by Bogman et al. ([32] and Collnot and coworkers [40], respectively. 

Rather than using the initial donor concentration, the final donor concentration at the termination of incubation can be used. Another approach to reduce nonspecific binding involves the addition of serum proteins [80, 120] or micelleforming excipients, such as Gelucire 44/14, Cremophor EL, or TPGS, [45] to the receiver compartment, leading to an improved assay recovery and better predictability of the model [64],... 

Seeballuck F, Ashford MB, O Driscoll CM (2003) The effects of Pluronic block copolymers and Cremophor EL on intestinal lipoprotein processing and the potential link with P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 20 1085-1092... 

Both drugs are highly lipid soluble and as such are prepared and administered in dilutants (paclitaxel in Cremophor EL and docetaxel in polysorbate 80). Both medications are normally administered with dexamethasone, H, and H2 antagonists as premedications to decrease the incidence of the acute hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) (dyspnea with bronchospasm, urticaria, and hypotension) that has been observed to occur... 

Drugs formulated with Cremophor EL (Althesin, propanidid, propofol EL)... 

Excipients offer several possibilities and mechanisms. For microemulsions, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor EL, and Solutol HS 15 act as surface active solubilizers in water and form the structures of micelles. The micelle that envelops the active substance is so small that it is invisible, or perhaps visible in the form of opalescence. Typical fields of application are oil-soluble vitamins, antimycotics of the miconazole type, mouth disinfectants (e.g., hexiditin), and etherian oils or fragrances. Solutol HS 15 is recommended for parenteral use of this solubilizing system and has been specially developed for this purpose. 

Vumon Teneposide 50% Cremophor EL, 42% ethanol, 6% dimethylacetamide, 2% benzyl alcohol IV infusion... 

Gelderblom H, Verweij J, Nooter K, Sparreboom A. Cremophor EL the drawbacks and advantages of vehicle selection for drug formulation. Eur J Cancer 2001 (Sep) 37(13) 1590-1598. 

Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor EL, and Solutol HS 15 act as surface-active solubilizers in water and form the structures of micelles. The micelle that envelops the active substance is so small that it is invisible or perhaps visible in the form of an opalescence. 

Mix propanidide with the warm Cremophor EL (60 °C) and add slowly the warm solution II. The sterilisation can be done by filtration or heat. 

To reduce the viscosity and the side effects, Cremophor EL could be substituted by Solutol HS 15 [1]. ... 

In Germany Cremophor EL must be declared on the package of injectables. 

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