Credibility testing

The typical procedure for credibility tests involves randomization of each of the two sequences with subsequent alignment under conditions used previously, and then the random match is evaluated with percent identity or some other criterion. This is repeated a sufficient number of times (say 100) to yield a mean evaluation and standard deviation for the random tests the putative alignment is then assessed as a number of standard deviations (O ) above the mean for the controls. Feng et al. (14) suggest... 

If it is assumed that explosible dust will be present above the MEC, and equipment design data are not required, explosibility testing forP g, and Kg usually has no direct application. However, minimum ignition energy (MIE) testing should be considered to help determine the likelihood of ignition. Since MIE is extremely sensitive to particle size it is especially important to test a sample that is sufficiently fine to represent the worst credible case. 

Apart from inspection and test records (clause 4.10.5), the standard does not require records to be authenticated, certified, or validated. A set of results without being endorsed with the signature of the person who captured them lacks credibility. Facts that have been obtained by whatever means should be certified for four reasons ... 

You will greatly enhance the effectiveness of any communications medium if you are able to incorporate favorable anecdotes from participants in the pilot test. First-person accounts of positive experience lend considerable credibility, and you may wish to consider recruiting the test-site facility manager (or other personnel) to assist the team. 

The results of IFN-a-based therapy can theoretically be improved by using better-tolerated drugs that mimic the action of ribavirin and/or by using HCV inhibitors that, when combined, substantially reduce HCV replication. Since the mechanism of action of ribavirin is still unknown, no credible alternative approach is currently available. In contrast, many specific inhibitors of the HCV replication cycle are in preclinical development and several have reached chnical development (Pawlotsky et al. 2007). A number of them are being tested in combination with pegylated IFN-a, with or without ribavirin. 

Narrow limits any statement based on a statistical test would be wrong very often, a fact which would certainly not augment the analyst s credibility. Alternatively, the statement would rest on such a large number of repeat measurements that the result would be extremely expensive and perhaps out of date. 

In terms of environmental metrics to assess processes, it is hopefully clear that a considerable testing burden exists to assess potential environmental hazards that lead to a credible risk assessment. At a first pass, one would typically screen compounds from an environmental hazard perspective to assess their tendency for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Depending on the final application of the compoimd, one might avoid commercial production of a particular compound, or one might devise processes that would use the... 

The implemented model must be tested with regard to correctness and completeness. Therefore, i.e., to validate the model and ensure the credibility of the simulation results, suitable scenarios with a broad spectrum of different events are reproduced with the model and compared to reality (or to expectations on reality). A model validated successfully can then be used for several systematic experiments (or as part of other applications, e.g., as part of a MES). 

On the basis of the test and calculation results illustrated in Table 3.6, it is possible to make an energy appraisal for the specific reaction under investigation. Generally speaking, the potential for a worst-case decomposition becomes greater when the hazard class is high as listed in Table 3.6. The worst case should be assumed instead of the credible case, in general, as follows ... 

The company maintains global databases for 60,000+ tests, prior incident data for 22 years, and databases of all credible reactive chemical scenarios with key lines of defense for all technologies. 

Following rapid field testing, samples of the potentially contaminated air/water/ soil will be collected for potential lab analysis. The decision to send samples to a lab for analysis should be based on the outcome of the threat evaluation. If the threat is determined to be credible, then samples should be immediately delivered to the lab for analysis. The analytical approach for samples collected from the site should be developed with input from the supporting lab(s), based on information from the site characterization and threat evaluation. 

Analysts need consistent, reliable, and credible methodologies to produce analytical data about gaseous emissions (Pamaik, 2004). To fulfill this need in this book, this chapter is devoted to descriptions of the various analytical methods that can be applied to identify gaseous emissions from a refinery (ASTM, 2004 IP, 2001). Each gas is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas (ASTM D4150). However, the composition of each gas varies, and recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied. 

Uncertainty may also affect the credibility of ecological risk assessment procedures. In the late 1970s, the USEPA presented a risk assessment for the use of granular carbofuran on com, including a detailed list of field studies and incidents. The Eederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Science Advisory Panel concluded there was insufficient information to justify restricted use labeling and recommended further testing. Nearly 20 years later, the accumulation of additional field studies and incidents provided sufficient evidence such that approvals for use of carbofuran were withdrawn. 

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