Crankshaft rotation

The crankshaft rotates about the frame axis, driving the connecting rod, crosshead, piston rod, and piston. 

Figure 7.1 Crankshaft rotation Involving three carbon-carbon backbone bonds...

Fig. 3.2(b) Puff-—Crankshaft rotating, piston draws air through burning cigarette depositing particulate phase on Cambridge filter. Vapour-phase passes through to piston. 

Fig. 3.9 Diagrams of molecular relaxation mechanisms (a) conformational flip of chlorohexane, (b) crankshaft rotation in polyethylene.

Fig. 16. Moves used to equilibrate coil configurations for the self-avoiding walk model of polymer chains on the simple cubic lattice (upper party end rotations, kinkjump motions and crankshaft rotations f 107]. From time to time these local moves alternate with a move (lower pan) where one attempts to replace an A-chain by a B-chain in an identical coil configuration, or vice versa. In the transition probability of this move, the chemical potential difference Ap as well as the energy change SjF enter. From Binder [2S8]...

The B relaxation near -55°C, however, has been the subject of much controversy (29,36). One postulated origin of the dispersion peak is the "crankshaft mechanism" (29,42,45) at the junction point of the network epoxies (Figure 8). The "crankshaft motion" for linear macromolecules was first proposed (46-49) as the molecular origin for secondary relaxations which involved restricted motion of the main chain requiring at least 5 and as many as 7 bonds (50). This kind of crankshaft rotation needs an energy of activation of... 

The unwanted engine vibration is related to crankshaft rotational speed, but is caused by engine imbalance, crankshaft misalignment, or excessive wear of linder liners and pistons on the thrust side. In... 

Limited mobility in the amorphous region of poiyethyiene. The y-mechanism (see Figure 4.12) is attributed to movements of this type ( crankshaft rotation ). 

This cycle is repeated many times per second. The moving piston makes the crankshaft rotate at great speed. 

The motion producing the y transition involves short chain segments. In many polymeric systems, the y transition is caused by the crankshaft rotation of the methylene (-CH2-) groups on a long polymer chain. Since the y transition involves those molecular segments, it occurs helow the a and P transitions. 

The y transition is a result of crankshaft rotation of short methylene main chain segments and can influence the low temperature impact stability of PE. 

For simple fluids, eg, water, the MC moves consist of translation or rotation of individual molecules. These types of MC models are doomed to fail for a condensed phase, as the large motions almost certainly lead to unacceptably large overlap energies. For more realistic models of condensed phases, a considerable research effort may be required to determine the moves that yield an acceptable acceptance ratio (relative number of successful to imsuccessfiil moves). For polymer melts the moves have to be cautiously constructed, and may involve small atomic displacements (126,127,134), concerted (crankshaft) rotations (15,135,144), or cutting and... 

Fig. 1.4 Various examples of dynamic Monte Carlo algorithms for SAWs sites taken by beads are shown by dots, and bonds connecting the bead are shown by lines. Bonds that are moved are shown as a wavy line (before the move) or broken line (after the move), while bonds that are not moved are shown as full lines, (a) Generalized Verdier-Stockmayer algorithm on the simple cubic lattice showing three type of motions end-bond motion, kink-jump motion, 90° crankshaft rotation (b) slithering snake algorithm (c) pivot algorithm. (From Kremer and Binder )...

Simulations of polymer blends or block copolymers involve two rather distinct aspects one aspect is the generation of equilibrium configurations of dense polymer melts and the relaxation of the configurations of individual chains this aspect is not essentially different from simulations that deal with one-component polymer solutions and melts, as treated in other chapters of this book. The work described in the present chapter has used dynamic Monte Carlo methods such as combinations of kink jump and crankshaft rotation algorithms (Fig. 7.5(a)) " or simple hops of effective monomers in randomly chosen lattice directions (in the case of the bond fluctuation model " ) or the slithering snake technique. 52-54,55,80,81 algorithms need a nonzero concentration of vacancies,... 

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