Cranking frequency

Harmonics or multiples of 2, 3, 4, etc., of this frequency will exist and be dominant for two-cycle gas engines, and one half multiples will be dominant for four-cycle engines. If several single-acting cylinders are operating on the same system in parallel, the magnitude of the pulses will depend upon the combination of cylinders and crank throws, and this magnitude is additive for the simultaneous waves in phase. 

Other frequencies will also exist, but the harmonics of the base frequency will be predominant. The largest pulse will depend upon the combination of cylinders and crank throws and will occur at the point where two or more cylinders discharge simultaneously, because successive waves in phase are additive. 

However, the intervals or frequencies generated by these machines are not always associated with one complete revolution of a shaft. In a two-cycle reciprocating engine, the pistons complete one cycle each time the crankshaft completes one 360° revolution. In a four-cycle engine, the crank must complete two complete revolutions, or 720°, in order to complete a cycle of all pistons. 

Fig. 5. Cranked Shell Model frequency for the proton 1m crossing minus that for the neutron an crossing plotted as a function of neutron number for the Pt isotopes.

A) and typical jump frequencies ranging from lO to 10 per second. These and other fiee-voiume theories are described in more detail in Crank and Park (S). The important concept that is central to all free-volume theories is that diffusion occurs in polymers through free volume obtained by minor displacements of side groups or segments of the chain but without net translational displacement of the center of mass of the polymer. 

Fig. 4.13 shows the experimental setup for validating the sensing model. A custom-built apparatus based on a crank-slider mechanism was used to generate periodic mechanical stimulus in the frequency range of 1 - 20 Hz. The mechanism converted the rotary motion generated by a DC motor (GM8724S009, Pittman) into the linear, oscillatory motion of the slider. The free end of a cantilevered beam was inserted into a slit on the slider and thus was subjected to the periodic bending stimulus. 

A microscopic description of rotational nuclear motion is also possible by the use of the cranked shell model of Inglis (1954). The model is discussed in detail in several monographs (e.g., Szymanski 1983 Nilsson and Ragnarsson 1995 Fenyes 2002). The cranking shell model calculations satisfactorily account for the absolute values of aligned angular momenta and for the rotational frequencies, at which the alignment of different orbits occurs. 

The drive system either comprises a crank mechanism with P.I.V. variable-speed drive or variable-speed motor More recently, direct pneumatic drive has been introduced. The grate operating frequency ranges from 3 to 20 strokes per minute... 

Hasler found that levelness depends on the frequency of contact between the dye liquor and the material. Bolton and Crank developed a relationship between the rate of exhaustion and the flow rate and concluded that, provided the package of the fibre is not damaged or distorted, the higher the flow rate, the beher the resulting dyeing. Heane et al. also came to similar conclusions. 

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