Cradle to end of construction

Cradle to end of construction In addition to cradle to site, this includes all of the... 

In stage 5, the analysis progresses to consider the cradle to end of construction LCA boundary. To achieve this, the analyst must consider the type of plant used in construction, associated fuel use and emission factors to quantify emissions in construction. Again, activities common to alternative solutions may be omitted from the calculations. 

The LCA boundary of cradle to end of construction is defined and a unit area of 1 hectare is considered to enable EC from construction activities to be meaningfully included. 

LCA boundary cradle to end of construction Nongeosynthetic solution 1000 mm compacted cohesive soils Geosynthetic solution 1 mm linear low-density polyethylene geomembrane and a nonwoven geotextile (Fig. 26.5)... 

This example considers a geosynthetic and nongeosynthetic capping system for the cradle to end of construction LCA boundary. The calculations adopt the framework set out earlier in this chapter. For this example, a 1 hectare area is considered. The input values for the comparison are presented in Table 26.7. Raja et al. (2014) considered a similar calculation example and found the EC values in the ICE database (Hammond and Jones, 2011) for clay materials to overestimate the emissions therefore, a value of 0.0003 kg C02e/kg has been adopted for cover clay in this study. 

Cradle to end of construction In addition to cradle to site, this includes all of the emissions associated with the constmction process. For geotextiles, this may inelude items such as preparation of the subgrade by rollers, excavators used to lift rolls of material, excavation and filling. Items such as the provision of cabins and welfare facilities should also be considered because these have associated EC for the eonstruction phase. 

Cradle to grave In addition to cradle to end of construction, this includes the demolition and disposal emissions associated with the end of life of a structure. 

For stage 3, the material quantities must be determined and EE/EC values must be sourced for each material. The values adopted and, importantly, the source data must be recorded to ensure transparency and ease of comparison. The end of stage 3 will give cradle-to-gate emissions for the component parts of the construction solutions. 

Horizontal cylindrical tanks should be installed on brick or reinforced concrete cradles with a downward slope of 1 in 50 from the draw-off end towards the drain valve, as shown in Figure 18.1. Cradles should be constructed on foundations adequate for the load being supported and the type of soil. A reinforced concrete raft equal to the plan area of the tank, and of adequate thickness to bear the load, is normally suitable for all but the weakest soils. Cradles should not be placed under joints or seams of the tank plates and a layer of bituminized felt should be interposed between the cradle and tank. The height of the tank supports should provide at least 450 mm space between the drain valve and ground level to allow access for painting or draining the tank. 

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