Cracking effect

There has also been considerable additional work by many investigators to Investigate depolymerization and alkylation of coal. In a recently published paper by Larsen (6), the most Interesting results In this subject are assembled and discussed. The investigations to be described In our paper also started from the well-known fact that Lewis acids, such as aluminum chloride, can exert not only a condensing but also a cracking effect on aliphatic-aromatic molecules. We hoped, however, that It would be possible to prevent most of these side reactions by using mild conditions. 

Figure 7. Strain maps for specimen without a fillet and with a 0.5 mm crack (effective crack length a = 4.8 mm). Load P3 = lON/mm.

Large shrinkage during drying processing, which is accompanied by cracking effect, increased with film thickness increasing... 

Ahmad has idealised the same vessel, as shown in Fig. 5.30. He has used the vessel bonded and unbonded and produced deformations (Figs. 5.30, 5.31, 5.32 and 5.33) for normal operation and for 40 years of creep. He has also produced a graph (Fig. 5.34) showing deformation for this vessel at various pressures. He has included creep in his analysis. This vessel has also been considered for elasto-plastic and cracking effects by Bangash. The deformation of the vessel at the cracking stage under the influence of creep and with the steel liner anchored to concrete is shown in Fig. 5.35. 

Special care was used in this study to obtain accurate and precise readings, otherwise experimental errors or data scatter could mask or obscure the cracking effect. Thibault and Nyquist s masterful 1947 paper addressed many of the experimental problems in making Knoop hardness measurements in brittle materials. Anyone who has ever made and measured Knoop indentations will certainly appreciate then-comments ... 

Short Rupture—A split occurs on the side of a pipe or hose. The cross-sectional area of the opening will typically be about equal to the cross-sectional area of the pipe or hose (e.g., pipe seam split from hydrogen induced cracking effect). 

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