Cracking-catalytic reforming

Butanes are recovered from raw natural gas and from petroleum refinery streams that result from catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, and other refinery operations. The most common separation techniques are based on a vapor—Hquid, two-phase system by which Hquid butane is recovered from the feed gas. 

Such two-step processes are also referred to as cracking-catalytic reforming (CCR) processes. The catalytic reforming stage of the primary oil product ensures high-quality diesel or gasoline products are obtained. The catalytic reforming step improves the RON and the contents of isomer, cycloparafflns and aromatics. 

There are mainly three methods for pyrolysis of plastics, namely thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and cracking-catalytic reforming [62]. Each has its own suitable process, as shown in Figure 28.2. Other methods for plastics pyrolysis include hydrogenation... 

Reactions of a light gas with a liquid are almost always exothermic. Though very important in industry, endothermic reactions are exclusively gas phase reactions. It seems more economical to produce, in large scale endothermic processes (steam cracking, catalytic reforming and steam reforming), reactive intermediates from which, by exothermic reactions the wide variety of chemicals are synthetized. So, enthalpy of reaction cannot be used as a cri-terium to classify three phase industrial processes and, in the design of such plants, heat removal and temperature control are always important problems, sometimes critical ones. 

Describe fluid catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, and hydrocracking. 

The main feedstock for catalytic reforming is heavy gasoline (80 to 180°C) available from primary distillation. If necessary, reforming also converts byproduct gasoline from processes such as visbreaking, coking, hydroconversion and heart cuts from catalytic cracking. 

Catalytic cracking is a key refining process along with catalytic reforming and alkylation for the production of gasoline. Operating at low pressure and in the gas phase, it uses the catalyst as a solid heat transfer medium. The reaction temperature is 500-540°C and residence time is on the order of one second. 

Furthermore, the major problem of reducing aromatics is focused around gasoline production. Catalytic reforming could decrease in capacity and severity. Catalytic cracking will have to be oriented towards light olefins production. Etherification, alkylation and oligomerization units will undergo capacity increases. 

Butanes are naturally occurring alkane hydrocarbons that are produced primarily in association with natural gas processing and certain refinery operations such as catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming. The term butanes includes the two stmctural isomers, / -butane [106-97-8] CH2CH2CH2CH2, and isobutane [79-28-9], (CH2)2CHCH2 (2-methylpropane). 

Catalytic Reforming. Worldwide, approximately 30% of commercial benzene is produced by catalytic reforming, a process ia which aromatic molecules are produced from the dehydrogenation of cycloparaffins, dehydroisomerization of alkyl cyclopentanes, and the cycHzation and subsequent dehydrogenation of paraffins (36). The feed to the catalytic reformer may be a straight-mn, hydrocracked, or thermally cracked naphtha fraction ia the... 

Residues (petroleum), heavy coker and light vacuum Residues (petroleum), catalytic reformer fractionator Residues (petroleum), hydrodesulphurized atmospheric tower Residues (petroleum), topping plant, low sulphur Residues (petroleum), heavy coker gas oil and vacuum gas oil Residues (petroleum), thermal cracked... 

The primary process for separating the hydrocarbon components of crude oil is fractional distillation i.e. separation according to the boiling points of the components. These separated fractions are processed further by catalytic reformers, cracking units, alkylation units, or cokers which have there own fractional distillation towers for its products. 

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