CPAC

The Japanese regulatory authority is the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) and the Pharmaceutical and Medical Safety Bureau (PSMB) is responsible for the promulgation of national and international guidelines in the form of Notifications. Guidelines are available on the Internet web-site of the National Institute of Health and Science (http //www.nihs.go.jp). The MHW has not issued specific guidance on the development of chiral drugs, but has nonetheless responded to the enantiomer-versus-racemate scientific debate. The attitude of the MHW and its advisory body, the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council (CPAC) is discussed in two articles by Shindo and Caldwell published in 1991 and 1995 [17, 18]. The latter paper analyzes the results of a survey of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry which sought responses on chirality issues. 

There are several consortia based at universities (CPAC, CPACT) which provide a forum for continuous learning about process analysis and new developments in terms of devices (NeSSI), analyzers (microinstrumentation), and data analysis. These consortia provide a forum for discussing needs, and a means for industries to work together in the development of tools which will support their PAT needs. They can help to bring together experts from numerous industries. 

AOTF acousto-optical tunable filter CPAC Center for Process Analytical... 

Several industry/university consortia exist to further the science and technology of this type of measurement. The first consortia were started in the US, with the University of Washington based CPAC in 1984 [61] followed by the... 

Center for Process Analytical Chemistry http//www.cpac.wahington.edu. 

Process analytical chemistry generally describes the science and technology associated with displacement of laboratory-based measurements with sensors and instrumentation positioned closer to the site of operation. Although industrial process analyzers have been in use for more than 60 years [3], the modern period of essentially began with the formation of the Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) in 1984 [4]. As described by Callis, Illman, and Kowalski [5], the goal of... 

The industrial movement has been bolstered by two decades of advances in materials science, electronics, and chemometrics. Since the inception of CPAC, the pace of innovation in sensors, instrumentation, and analytics has quickened dramatically. The development of more robust, sensitive photodetector materials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), and fiber optics and the perpetual advancement of computing power (as predicted by Moore s law) have both increased the performance and reduced the cost of . As a result, is now a critical part of routine operations within the realm of industrial chemistry. Many general reviews on the subject of (and PAT) have been published [6—10]. A series of literature reviews on the subject of have been published regularly in Analytical Chemistry. 

Currently there are three major consortia involving university, government, and industrial partners—CPAC, the Measurement Control Engineering Center (MCEC), and the Control Theory and Applications Centre (CTAC)—along with an annual conference, the International Forum on Process Analytical Chemistry (IFPAC), and numerous online resources that are devoted to issues related to process analytics [16]. In parallel with the FDA s initiative, the term process... 

Illman, D. L. (1986), CPAC An industry—university cooperative research center for process analytical chemistry, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 5,164. 

Figure 4.34 Surface-mounted components such as valves, gauges and pressure regulators of the NeSSI consortium [23] (by courtesy of CPAC).

The American consortium NeSSI [23] (New Sampling Sensor Initiative) is a CPAC-sponsored (Center for Process Analytical Chemistry) open initiative formed in 2000 to create a standard for process analysis. The object is to implement modular and smart process analytics. It also aims at the future integration of micro analytical devices and micro structured reactors. The concept is derived from the semiconductor industry and follows the ISA SP76 standard. Companies such as Parker-Hannifin, Kinetics and Swagelok are involved. Further information is also given on the web site [23],... 

The American CPAC initiative NeSSI [23] developed a micro reactor sampling and calibration system intended for analytical applications in the oil industry. Industrial partners such as Swagelok and Parker/Hannifin developed the system originally designed for the gas supply in clean room facilities. This approach is well advanced with respect to valves, gauges, analytical sensors and pipe fittings. 

Leon, L. A., and L. L. Hammond. 1985. "Phosphorus limitations and management considerations." In Land in Tropical America, eds. T. T. Cochrane, L. G. Sanchez, L. G. de Azevedo, J. A. Porras, and C. L. Garver (Centro Intemacional de Agricultura Tropical (ClAT)-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria dos Cerrados (CPAC), Planaltina, D. F., Brazil), pp. 105-110. 

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