Coupled signaling pathways

Savignac M, Badou A, Moreau M, Leclerc C, Guery JC, Paulet P, Druet P, Ragab-Thomas J, Pelletier L Protein kinase C-mediated calcium entry dependent upon dihydropyridine sensitive channels aT cell receptor-coupled signaling pathway involved in IL-4 synthesis. Faseb J 2001 15 1577-9. 

Steinberg SF, Brunton LL. Compartmentation of G protein-coupled signaling pathways in cardiac myocytes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001 41 751-773. 

RGS) proteins, which bind to G and promote GTPase activity. This process of converting G from an active state to an inactive state is rapid. Transcriptional regulation and posttranslational modification of G-proteins provide other means for regulation of the G-protein-coupled signaling pathway. 

Litman BJ. Niu SL, Polozova A, Mitchell DC. The role of docosahexaenoic acid containing phospholipids in modulating G protein-coupled signaling pathways Visual transduction. Mol Cell Neuorsci, In Press. 2001. 

Apelin receptors activate several signalling pathways including coupling through inhibitory G-proteins (G ) and Ras-independent activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) via protein kinase C (PKC). The apelin receptor is one of number of G-protein-coupled receptors that can act as an alternative coreceptor for entry into cells of HIV and simian immunodeficiency vims (SIV) strains in human U87 cells expressing CD4 in vitro. Apelin peptides blocks entry of HIV but display different potencies, with apelin-36 being more effective than shorter sequences [3]. 

On the molecular level, all TAARs for which ligands are available, couple to Gas, at least in recombinant systems. Links to other signaling pathways as well as potential heterodimerization within the TAAR family or with other GPCRs have so far not been observed. All TAAR genes have a very similar size of about 1 kb, and posttranslational modification and subcellular trafficking of the receptors are both not well understood. 

Vlahakis SR, VUlasis-Keever A, Gomez T, Vanegas M, Vlahakis N, Paya CV (2002) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors induce both survival and apoptotic signaling pathways. J Immunol 169 5546-5554... 

Number of papers to date have shown that the CXCR4 receptors expressed in both neuronal and glial cells are functional and coupled to multiple intracellular pathways (Lazarini et al. 2003). The CXCR4 through pertussis toxin (PTX)- sensitive G proteins is coupled to at least two distinct signaling pathways (1) the first pathway, involving the activation of phosphatidylinositol- 3 (PI-3) kinase and extracellular signal... 

Because the effects of these drugs do not occur for at least several weeks, research into mechanisms has focused on specific targets such as signaling pathways coupled to transcription factors and their target genes. Among the most studied are components of the cAMP-regulated pathways such as the... 

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