Coupled-currents approach

In all cases of electron transport, whether it be hopping, thermal emission, or quantum tunneling, the effect of the electric field in the oxide film is extremely important. In fact, the electric field effect on ion motion is the primary reason the electronic species must be considered at all in most real metal oxidation reactions. This can be understood better when we discuss the coupled-currents approach [10,11] in Sect. 1.15. 

We can think of the coupled-currents approach to metal oxidation in terms of the following logical sequence. 

This completes our development of the thick-film parabolic growth law. This particular theory has been presented in some detail because it is an extremely important domain of metal oxidation. In addition, it provides an excellent example of the way the coupled-currents approach [10,11] can be used to obtain oxide growth kinetics and built-in voltages in thermal oxidation. 

Moreover, these optimization formulations can easily be coupled to other process. systems such as heat integration and. separation sequences. As a result, they provide a framework for integrated process design. This strategy is illustrated with detailed examples. Finally, limitations of the current approach are summarized and topics for future work are outlined. 

An area which is currently in the forefront of biological sensing is the ability to detect DNA fragments with little or no amplification. One route to this end has been the development of SERS based DNA detection. A couple of approaches have been... 

Alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed regeneration of NAD(P)H by oxidation of alcohols certainly represents the most widespread regeneration method currently applied. Especially if the desired production reaction is an ADHsubstrate-coupled regeneration approach excels in simplicity, as only one biocatalyst has to be used for the whole reaction (Scheme 8.8). Another advantage of this methodology is that the nicotinamide cofactor does not have to leave the... 

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