Coumarin Dicumarol

Pearce R, Greenway D, Parkinson A (1992) Species differences and interindividual variahon in liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2A enzymes effects on coumarin, dicumarol, and testosterone oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 298 211-225 Pelkonen O, Sotaniemi EA, Ahokas JT (1985) Coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in human hver microsomes. Properties of the enzyme and interspedes comparisons. Br J Clin Pharmacol 19 59-66... 

Cucinell SA, Conney AH, Sansur H Bums JJ. Drug interactions in man I. Lowerm effect of phenobarbital on plasma levels of bishydroj coumarin (Dicumarol) and diphenylhydantoin QDilantin). Clin Pharmacol Ther (1965) 6,420-9. 

The most common group of drugs that produce vitamin K deficiency are the coumarin anticoagulants. The hy-poprothrombinemic effects of dicumarol can be overcome by administration of vitamin K. 

Melilotus alba Medicus M. indica (L.) All. M. suaveolens Ledeb. Be Han Cao (Clover) (whole plant) Hydroxycinnamic acid, coumarinic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, cumaric acid, umbelliferone, scopoletin, melilotoside, melilotic acid, beta-D-glucosyloxy, dicumarol, chlogogenic acid, caffeic acid, melilotic acid.48 Anticoagulant, treat bowel complaints, infantile diarrhea. A bactericide. 

The coumarin anticoagulants include dicumarol, warfarin sodium (coumadin sodium), warfarin potassium (Athrombin-K), acenocoumarol (Sintrom), and phenprocoumon (Liquamar). The inanedione derivatives are phenindione (Hedulin), diphenadione (Dipaxin), and anisindi-... 

Dicoumarol (= Dicumarol Dicumol Dicoumarin Dufalone Melitoxin) (coumarin) Melilotus sp. (Fabaceae), Anthoxanthum sp. (Poaceae) (from 4-Hydroxycoumarin in decomposing hay) Anticoagulant by inhibiting Vitamin K-dependent protein glutamate carboxylation thence [3, 101- 103]... 

The coumarin anticoagulants, which include warfarin [WAR far in] and dicumarol [dye KOO ma role] (formerly bishydroxycoumarin) owe their action to their ability to antagonize the cofactor functions of vitamin K. Initially used as a rodenticide, warfarin is now widely employed clinically as an oral anticoagulant. Conflicting opinions exist concerning the usefulness of these agents in clinical situations such as myocardial infarction and hip arthroplasty. The potential... 

Dicoumarol (= Dicumarol Dicumol Dicoumarin Dufalone Melitoxin) (coumarin)... 

The coumarin anticoagulants include dicumarol, warfarin sodium (coumadin sodium), warfarin potassium (Athrom-bin-K), acenocoumarol (Sintrom), and phenprocoumon (Liquamar). The inanedione derivatives are phenindione (Hedulin), diphenadione (Dipaxin), and anisindione (Miradon). The pharmacological properties of oral anticoagulants are identical qualitatively, but their pharmacokinetic parameters and their toxicities vary. Racemic warfarin sodium is the most widely used anticoagulant. Antithrombotic drugs are used clinically either to prevent the formation of blood clots within the circulation (anticoagulant) or to dissolve a clot that has already formed (thrombolytic). 

The coumarin anticoagulants include dicumarol, warfarin sodium (coumadin sodium), warfarin potassium (Athrombin-K), acenocoumarol, and phenprocouman. Phenprocouman, acenocoumarol, and ethyl biscoumacetate are not generally available in the United States but are prescribed in Europe and elsewhere. Phenprocouman (Marcumar) has a longer plasma half-life (5 days) than warfarin, as well as a somewhat slower onset of action and a longer duration of action (7 to 14 days). It is administered in daily maintenance doses of 0.75 to 6.0 mg. By contrast, acenocoumarol (Nicoumar-lone Sinthrome) has a shorter half-life (10 to 24 hours), a more rapid effect on the prothrombin time, and a shorter duration of action (2 days). The maintenance dose is 1 to 8 mg daily. Ethyl biscoumacetate (Tromexane) has a very short half-life of 2 to 3 hours and is seldom used. 

FIGURE VI-1 Relationships between coumarin, its derivatives, and dicumarol. 

The initial concern in the early 1960s about the addition of coumarin 1 to tobacco products was whether or not it was converted during the smoking process to dicumarol (3,3 -methylene-bis[4-hydroxy-2//-l-benzopyran-2-one]) II (Figure VI-I). Dicumarol is a powerful anticoagulant that had been identified in sweet clover hay (6A21). 

In previous metabolic studies, it had been reported that coumarin was not a precursor of dicumarol (II) (6A03, 6AI5) or of o-coumaric acid [3-(2-hydroxyphenyI)-2-prope-noic acid] III (6A21). Ill was known to be a precursor of dicumarol via 4-hydroxycoumarin IV. Laboratory animals (rats, rabbits) fed coumarin excreted 4-hydroxycoumarin IV (6A04). Between 70% and 90% of coumarin administered to humans resulted in excretion of 7-hydroxycoumarin V (6A17), a coumarin derivative never indicted as dangerous to any species or proposed as a dicumarol precursor. 

Newell reported in 1963 that (1) inclusion in cigarette tobacco of 3- " C-coumarin 1 gave no dicumarol II in either the MSS or the sidestream smoke (SSS) and (2) inclusion in cigarette tobacco of unlabeled dicumarol gave no dicumarol 11 in either the MSS or the SSS (2757). Of the... 

What is the general and most important usage of natural coumarins i.e., dicumarol in medicine ... 

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