Costs pumping

A pumping system is required to inject the concentrate into the well. The cost of pumps depends on the desired injection pressure and the volume of concentrate, and higher pressures and greater flow rates demand more costly pumps (Mickley 2006). 

D is in inches, Q in cuft/sec, p in ib/cuft, and p in cP. The factors involved in the derivation are power cost = 0.055/kWh, friction loss due to fittings is 35% that of the straight length, annual fixed charges are 20% of installation cost, pump efficiency is 50%, and cost of 1-in. IPS schedule 40 pipe is 0.45/ft. Formulas that take additional factors into account also are developed in that book. 

Savings in energy and investment costs (pump and construction costs)... 

Online coupling SPE to either LC or GC is easily performed. In the simplest method, a precolumn is placed in the sample loop position of a six-port switching valve. After conditioning, sample application, and cleaning via a low-cost pump, the precolumn is coupled to an analytical column by switching the valve into the inject position. The solutes of interest are eluted directly from the piecolumn to the analytical column by an appropriate mobile phase. The sequence can be fully automated (Fig. 28). It is also a simple matter to enhance the gap between two solutes in elution from a precolumn (70). 

Operation Maintenance Costs Pumping head is less, so power cost for the circulating water pumps is less. Power cost for fans is considerable. Cost of maintaining fans and associated drives and transmissions is also significant. Total operating cost will favor natural-draft towers. 

Operating cost = (Pumping power, kW) x (Hours of operation, h)... 

Septic tank pump out is the only energy cost. Pumping of a septic tank is estimated to be about US 25.82/yr. 

MS system contributes significantly to its cost, pumping designs generally meet the minimum requirements for a given instrument configuration. 

For highly turbulent flow (i.e., constant Kfg), the required pump head is a quadratic function of the flow rate Q. This relation, which is superimposed on the pump characteristic curves (see line SI in Figure 5.9), is the operating line for the system. The actual pump head and the resulting flow rate are determined by the intersection of the operating line and the pump impeller characteristic curve. For the specified flow rate, the best (least cost) pump/impeller/motor combination that will provide this flow rate should be selected. 

The hterature referred to in Table 3.12 aims at minimizing the total operational costs for a planning period. Most works take stock holding costs, pumping costs, and costs for reprocessing the interface into account. Two exceptions are noteworthy MirHassani (2008) and Cafaro and Cerda (2008). 

To exclude effect of the changing properties of the columns and also to rule out the inadequacies in the pump operation, the SEC systems are to be frequently recalibrated and the eluent flow rate controlled after each restarting the pump. The latter requirement may be imperative with the low-cost pumping systems, which often exhibit hmited resetabilify. It is generally appropriate to perform the... 

Horizontal pumps Single with external flush Extended seal life Low seal cost Pump can be run dry if flow is lost Seal water piping required Caustic and water will intermix Freeze protection of seal water piping may be required... 

The overall cost of the system includes the equipment costs (pump and piping), which are one-time purchases, and the operating cost (electricity for the punp), which occurs all the time. The time value of money must be taken into consideration when defining an objective function. For this project, we want to minimize the equivalent annual operating cost (EAOC) of the punp and piping system that is defined in Equation fP14.7.1h... 

For a fiKcd flow tale and operating conditions (fluid physical properties) factors affecting Line capital cost are pipe material cost, complexity of piping (wtiieh affect installation cost), and factors affecting line operating cost are life time of the line, Utility (electricity) cost, pump or compieswr efficiency. For lines without pump or compressor, a faked pump or compressor efficiency of 100% should be used. 

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