Cost, drying

Cases Cost ( /dry t) Distance between slurry pumping stations (km)... 

Capital cost ( 10 ) Annual cost ( 10 >) Fuel cost ( /dry t) Capital cost ( 10 ) Installed cost (SlO /kW) Annual cost ( 10 ) Power cost (cents/kWh) Capital cost ( 10 ) Cash flow ( 10 )... 

Cost effective preparation of moulding materials, since the thermomechanical and mechanical values of the moulded materials obtained by "wet preparation do not differ significantly from the values of moulded materials obtained by the less costly "dry preparation", so that the latter method can be applied. 

The University of Florida, in collaboration with 3M, has developed a potentially lower cost, dry spun polymer-derived analogue of Hi-Nicalon fiber. It appears that this process can produce the same microstructural evolution that produeed the high-performance Nicalon/Hi-Nicalon family of SiC fibers. Processing costs may be lower because this fiber does not require a separate thermal cross-linking (cure) step. This advantage may, however, be somewhat offset by the controlled evaporation and recovery of solvent, which is inherent in the dry spinning process. 

Kawai, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Norimoto, M., and Puhdo, O.R. 2001. Industrial application of hybrid dry kiln using HE and hot-air for high-speed and low-cost drying. In Proceedings of the Seventh International lUFRO Wood Drying Conference, Tsukuba, Japan, July 9-13, 2001. pp. 368-371. 

One of the options for low-cost drying is the use of air at ambient temperature as a drying medium using moisture concentration gradient as the primary driving force. The Dry-Rex system uses unsaturated ambient air drawn through a moving bed of wet... 

Approximately 25% of the energy used in wet processing is consumed in drying [3]. In addition to energy cost, drying is a common bottleneck in the wet processes. Thus, improvement of the drying rate and... 

Datta and Ni (2002) discussed the application of combined IR, microwave, and hot-air heating to food materials. The development of a continuous drying apparatus equipped with FIR heaters, NIR heaters and hot-air blast can reduce the economic costs, drying time and operating temperature. However, the vegetable size should he restricted to no more than 5 mm in thickness to improve drying eflBdency. 

There are several factors to consider when choosing a solvent for a given polymer system. These include solubility of the polymer, viscosity stability, cost, drying time, flammability, toxicity and environmental factors. The solubility of a polymer in an organic solvent is dependent on the chemistry of the two materials. Generally, nonpolar polymers dissolve easily in nonpolar solvents and vice-versa. For example, nonpolar butyl rubber dissolves well in hydrocarbons such as hexane, whereas polar acrylic polymers are usually compounded with xylene or toluene. Solvents can be selected based on their Hildebrand Solubility Parameters and that of the polymer. If their solubility parameters are similar, within 2 imits, the polymer will dissolve readily in the solvent. 

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