Corporate actions

It was in the seventeenth century that the need for corporate action in pursuit of the experimental philosophy was recognized with the beginnings of institutionalization in science. The practice of experimental chemistry in the Paris Academie des Sciences at the turn of the seventeenth century has been analysed by Ursula Klein.141 With a more theoretical emphasis, seventeenth-century chemical ideas and the ways in which they... 

In the United States, in the early nineteenth century, corporations were chartered only for narrow purposes, such as construction of a canal or a toll road, and for a finite period of time (typically 20 years). Investors were held personally liable for corporate actions, and the corporation s total capitalization might be limited by legislative fiat. It is evident from the historical record that up until the Civil War, and even beyond, legislatures were reluctant to give broad authority to corporations. Many legislatures explicitly acknowledged that corporations are subordinate entities that exist only to serve public purposes and can be dissolved if they fail in that duty. 

Pressures from Institutional Developments. A number of institutional developments have led to pressures for more responsible corporate behavior, creating a need for greater transparency of and accountability for corporate actions. 

Discuss the implications of voluntary corporate actions on the design of a future greenhouse gas trading program. 

There are also non-political motivations for voluntary corporate actions. Drivers of voluntary action described in the literature include (a) the desire to limit future regulatory risk (Margolick and Russell 2001) (b) the desire to reduce costs through practices that also have environmental benefits (Esty and Porter 1998) (c) desire to differentiate a company or its products on an environmental basis (Reinhardt 1998) and (d) the desire to enhance employee morale and motivation (Reinhardt 2000). 

Volimtaiy corporate actions, identified as limiting the environmental effects of plastics, are mentioned in 4% of the articles, but the message of an environmental nature is difficult to separate from the message with commercial advertising purposes. 

Execution of corporate actions such as coupon payments. 

As the incident progresses, such corporate action becomes essential to bring about restoration of normal operation, or the safe shutdown and isolation of the defective unit or piece of equipment. 

Conversion terms for a convertible do not necessarily remain constant over time. In certain cases convertible issues will provide for increases or step ups in the conversion price at periodic intervals. A 1,000 denomination face value bond may be issued with a conversion price of say, 8.50 a share for the first three years, 10 a share for the next three years, and 12 for the next five years, and so on. Under this arrangement the bond will convert to fewer ordinary shares over time which, given that the share price is expected to rise during this period, is a logical arrangement. The conversion price is also adjusted for any corporate actions that occur after... 

Safety ownership is often viewed as being the exclusive responsibility of specific departments, yet a good safety culture results only from top-level sponsorship and support. Corporate actions and policies must demonstrate this, not just to the workforce in general, but especially to the safety management teams. Inaction or inappropriate actions by corporate management gives rise to a lack of commitment and erosion in morale. 

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