Cornell Bose condensation

Carried out by Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman and Wol%ang Ketterle (Nobel Prize 2001 for discoverir a neiv state of matter ). In the Bose condensate the bosons (alkali metal atoms) are in the same place in a peculiar sense. The total wave function for the bosons was, to a first approximation, a product a[ identical nodeless wave functions for the particular bosons (this assures proper symmetry). Each of the wave functions extends considerably in space (the Bose condensate is as large as a fraction of a millimetre), but all have been centred in the same point in space. 

Ensher J R, Jin D S, Mathews M R, Weman C E and Cornell E A 1996 Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas measurement of energy and ground-state occupation Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 4984-7... 

For achieving a Bose-Einstein condensate in dilute gases of alkali atoms, Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman ivere awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Sharing the prize with Cornell and Wieman was Wolfgang Ketterle for his fundamental studies of condensates. 

Anderson, M.H., Ensher, J.R., Matthews, M.R., Wieman, C.E. and Cornell, E.A. (1995). Observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor. Science 269, 198-201. 

Cornish, S.L., Claussen, N.R., Roberts, J.L., Cornell, EA., and Wieman, C.E., Stable Rb Bose-Einstein condensates with widely tunable interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1795, 2000. 

The development of techniques for cooling and trapping of atoms has led to great advances in physics, which have already been recognized by two Nobel prizes. In 1997 the prize was jointly awarded to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips for their developments of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light [1-3]. In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman jointly received the Nobel prize for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates [4,5]. 

Cornell, E.A. and Wieman, C.E., Nobel Lecture Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments. Rev. Mod. Phys., 74, 875, 2002. 

At very low pressures and temperatures close to 0 K, a fourth state of matter has been discovered. This is the Bose-Einstein condensate. Eric A. Cornell obtained the Nobel prize in 2001 for his work on the Bose-Einstein condensate and fourth state of matter. The critical point of the pure substance can be seen in Figure 2.1. Beyond this point, the liquid and gas are indistinguishable from each other and exist as a fluid. Are there similar critical points at the end of the fusion curve and sublimation curves The PVT and other phenomena at very low pressures and temperatures are subjects of exploratory research. The critical point may also be viewed as the highest pressure and temperature at which a pure chemical species is observed to exist in vapor/liquid equilibrium [2]. The vertical line in Figure 2.1 is an isotherm, and a horizontal line in Figure 2.1 is an isobar. The solid lines in Figure 2.1 indicate a... 

Myatt C, Burt R, Ghrist, Cornell E, Wieman C. (1997) Production of two overlapping Bose-Einstein condensates by sympathetic cooling. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (4) 586-589,... 

Cornell E. (1996) Very cold indeed The nanokelvin physics of Bose-Einstein condensation. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101 419-d 34, and other articles in this special issue on Bose-Einstein condensation. 

Burt EA, Christ RW, Myatt CJ, Holland MJ, Cornell EA, Wieman CE. (1997) Coherence, correlations and collisions What one learns about Bose-Einstien condensates from their decay. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 337-340. 

Donley EA, Claussen NR, Cornish SL, Roberts JL, Cornell EA, Wieman CE. (2001) Dynamics of collapsing and expliding Bose-Einstein condensates. Nature 412 295-299. 

J. R. Abo-Shaeer, C. Raman, J.M. Vogels, W. Ketterle Observation of vortex lattices in Bose-Einstein condensates. Science 292, 476 (2001) E.A. Donley, N.R. Claussen, S.L. Cornish, J.L. Roberts, E.A. Cornell,... 

P. Engels, I. Coddingtoii, P.C. Haljan, V. Schweikhard, E.A. Cornell Observation of long-lived vortex aggregates in rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 170 405/1-4 (2003)... 

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