Coral general

Because aragonite reverts to calcite when it interacts with meteoric water, subaerial exposure of fossil corals has the potential to change the of the coral. Generally, diagenetically altered corals can be avoided by using X-ray... 

The ocean is host to a variety and quantity of inorganic raw materials equal to or surpassiag the resources of these materials available on land. Inorganic raw materials are defined here as any mineral deposit found ia the marine environment. The mineral resources are classified generally as iadustrial minerals, mineral sands, phosphorites, metalliferous oxides, metalliferous sulfides, and dissolved minerals and iaclude geothermal resources, precious corals, and some algae. The resources are mosdy unconsoHdated, consoHdated, or fluid materials which are chemically enriched ia certain elements and are found ia or upon the seabeds of the continental shelves and ocean basias. These may be classified according to the environment and form ia which they occur (Table 1) and with few exceptions are similar to traditional mineral deposits on land. 

The above analysis of Barbados corals also places constraints on the history of the marine value. Empirical evidence suggests that diagenesis generally acts to raise the value of Barbados fossil corals, which makes the lowest initial value for each terrace the best estimate of the marine value at the time the terrace was formed. This makes it possible to extend evidence for a stable marine value beyond the last... 

The principles of °Th and Pa dating of deep-sea corals are the same as those of surface corals. However, the correction for initial and is generally... 

The composition of the particles is related to that of the source rocks. Quartz sand [composed of silica (silicon dioxide)], which makes up the most common variety of silica sand, is derived from quartz rocks. Pure quartz is usually almost free of impurities and therefore almost colorless (white). The coloration of some silica sand is due to chemical impurities within the structure of the quartz. The common buff, brown, or gray, for example, is caused by small amounts of metallic oxides iron oxide makes the sand buff or brown, whereas manganese dioxide makes it gray. Other minerals that often also occur as sand are calcite, feldspar and obsidian Calcite (composed of calcium carbonate), is generally derived from weathered limestone or broken shells or coral feldspar is an igneous rock of complex composition, and obsidian is a natural glass derived from the lava erupting from volcanoes see Chapter 2. 

Fluorescence or Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is widely accepted as being one of the most useful methods to observe biochemical events in vitro and in living cells. Generally, there are two forms of FRET sensors those based on a pair of genetically encoded fluorophores, usually employing fluorescent proteins from jellyfish or corals, or those based on small molecules that make use of small organic fluorophores. 

Many herbivorous fishes are found on coral reefs (Horn 1989 Choat 1991) and their grazing activities are commonly the dominant factor affecting the distribution and abundance of macroalgae (e.g., Morrison 1988 Hixon and Brostoff 1996 Marques et al. 2006) as well as the structure and function of marine communities and ecosystems in general (Duffy and Hay 2001). For example, the exclusion of... 

The general public readily picked up these ideas in a simpler form from the popular press. The idea that the next generation of miracle cancer cures awaited discovery in the rain forest, in coral reefs or in the deep ocean, certainly made many people... 

In this section, the process of characterization of the particle population from a megaton level, Coral Island surface detonation is described. [While the general features of the particle population are illustrated by this example, it should be kept in mind that particular details of behavior could be altered significantly for a similar detonation conducted in a different soil environment.]... 

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