Copper target

A dynamic-FAB probe having a simple copper target. The narrow fused-silica tube passes through the shaft, its end lying flush with the target surface. 

In 1950, Beeghly6 published results obtained by Method I on tin plate. Pie used a polychromatic beam from a copper-target tube to excite the K lines of iron in the substrate and measured the intensity of the radiant energy that passed the collimating slit to reach the Geiger counter that served as detector (Figure 6-1). A manganese filter in the... 

For examining atomic structures with bond lengths of 1-2 A, the interrogating beams ideally should have wavelengths of the same dimensions, to resolve atomic details. X-rays fulfill this criterion because their wavelength, for example, CuK (X-ray using copper target) is 1.5418 A (1.5418 x 10 m), which is similar to atomic dimensions. 

Figure 2.2 Spectrum of X-ray emission from a copper target at various excitation...

German for braking radiation , as it is emitted when the electrons are braked by the solid. The complete spectrum from a copper target as a function of accelerating voltage is shown in Figure 2.2. It is clear that the characteristic radiation is far more intense than the continuous, and it is used almost exclusively in high resolution diffractometiy. 

Benzoic acid is ordinarily obtained as a highly crystalline material, which aids in its purification and contributes to its use as a reference material. The x-ray powder diffraction pattern of benzoic acid was obtained on a Jeol JDX-3530 diffractometer system. The x-ray radiation was provided by copper target, operated at 40.0 kV and 30 mA. The powder pattern was obtained using a step angle of0.040 degrees 2-0, and each step was... 

In the fall of 1934, Dr. Grosse reduced this pure oxide by two methods and obtained from it the metal protactinium, which is even rarer than radium, but much more permanent in air. In die first method, he bombarded the oxide on a copper target, in a high vacuum, with a stream of electrons. After a few hours, he obtained a shiny, partly sintered, metallic mass, stable in air. In his second method, he converted the oxide to the iodide (or chloride or bromide) and cracked it in a high vacuum on an electrically heated tungsten filament, according to the reaction ... 

X-ray diffractometer with copper target, beryllium window, nickel filter, and data acquisition and processing system... 

Earlier observations of some of the L lines of polonium (69, 124), obtained with trace amounts of the element, have been confirmed by more recent work on its K and L spectra, in which a copper target was coated with 2-3 mg of the element (112). 

Fia. 59. Intensity distribution in X-ray beam from copper target accelerating voltage, 50,000 V. Kfl has about 1/0 the intensity of Kabsorption curve. Kol is actually a very... 

X-Ray Diffraction. All diffraction patterns were taken on powdered samples with a General Electric XRD-6 diffractometer. A copper target and nickel filter were used. 

The x-ray radiation usually employed for protein crystallographic studies is derived from the bombardment of a copper target with high-voltage (50 kV) electrons, producing characteristic copper x-rays with A = 1.54 A. Figure 2 shows, in schematic fashion, the x-ray diffraction pattern from a protein crystal. Several features about this pattern bear explanation. First, as you can see, the diffraction pattern consists of a regular lattice of spots of different intensities. The spots are due to destructive interference of waves... 

Fig. 15.3. Submicrometer metallic particles on the surface of a substrate mounted near the copper target.

An electron beam is accelerated through a potential difference of 12 kV and falls onto a copper target. Calculate the shortest-wavelength X-rays that can be generated. [Answer 103 pm]... 

X-ray powder diffraction data for all samples were collected via a Phillips x-ray diffractometer with a copper target tube and a diffracted beam monochromater. Ruthenium and RuC>2 particle sizes were estimated by x-ray line shape profile analysis using a single profile technique which provides diffracting particle size, microstrain, and the particle size distribution (10). 

Yoshida M, Fujimoto Y, Hironaka Y, Nakamura KG, Kondo K, Ohtani M, Tsunemi H (1998) Generation of picosecond hard x rays by terawatt laser focusing on a copper target. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2393-2395... 

In our small-angle x-ray scattering studies of coals, x-rays (wavelength 1.54A) from a copper-target diffraction tube were formed into a well-defined beam and struck the coal sample, which was in powdered form and which had a thickness of about 1 mm. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the scattering apparatus. 

An X-ray tube with a copper target produces X-rays with a wavelength of 154 pm. In the iron sulphate crystal a set of planes known as (100) planes have a separation of 482 pm. Bragg s law then gives for the first order diffraction with = 1... 

In a copper target, its diameter decreases from 1 to 0.1 pm when the incident energy decreases from 20 to 10 kV (the penetration depth varies as... 

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