Copper permanganate

Copper permanganate, Cu(Mn04)2 8H20. Supplier Carus Chemical Company. 

Oxidation.1 Hydrated copper permanganate oxidizes alcohols in CH2C12 rapidly and in high yields. Ketones are obtained from secondary alcohols, and carboxylic acids from primary and benzylic alcohols. Primary or secondary allylic alcohols are also oxidized efficiently. Anhydrous reagent is much less active. 

When hypophosphites are heated with copper sulphate solution to 55° C. a reddish-black precipitate of Cu2H2 is produced, which decomposes at 100° C. into hydrogen and copper. Permanganates are immediately reduced by hypophosphites. The effect of other oxidising agents is mentioned under Estimation. ... 

Similar results are obtained with copper permanganate octahydrate, Cu(Mn04)2 8H20. Addition of this salt to a solution of 2-decanol in di-chloromethane results in an exothermic reaction and boiling of the mixture for 5 min. After 10 additional minutes at room temperature, 2-decanone is isolated in 93% yield [894. Allylic alcohols are oxidized in 84-85% yields to a, 3-unsaturated ketones after boiling in dichloromethane for 24 h [894]. 

Gentle oxidation of mercaptans and thiols leads to coupled products— disulfides. The oxidants used for this purpose are air [9], hydrogen peroxide [186], dichromates [663], chlorochromates [619], manganese dioxide [816], copper permanganate [896], ferric chloride [907], and diethyl azodicar-boxylate [977] (equations 544-546). 

Rapid oxidation of secondary alcohols may be carried out using hydrated copper permanganate in dichloromethane. Water is an essential component in the reaction. Mixtures of potassium permanganate and copper sulphate may also be used, as may a variety of hydrated metal salts, although in these cases experimental details and yields were not reported. Bispyridinesilver permanganate has been shown to be an efficient reagent, soluble in organic solvents, for the oxidation of benzylic primary amines and alcohols to benzaldehydes. The intermediacy of nitrite esters is implicated in oxidations of alcohols with ferric nitrate on KIO bentonite. ... 

Ammonium perchlorate Hot copper tubing, sugar, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, potassium periodate and permanganate, powdered metals, carbon, sulfur... 

Hydroxylamine Barium oxide and peroxide, carbonyls, chlorine, copper(II) sulfate, dichromates, lead dioxide, phosphorus trichloride and pentachloride, permanganates, pyridine, sodium, zinc... 

The use of sofid supports in conjunction with permanganate reactions leads to modification of the reactivity and selectivity of the oxidant. The use of an inert support, such as bentonite (see Clays), copper sulfate pentahydrate, molecular sieves (qv) (151), or sifica, results in an oxidant that does not react with alkenes, but can be used, for example, to convert alcohols to ketones (152). A sofid supported permanganate reagent, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate and potassium permanganate (153), has been shown to readily convert secondary alcohols into ketones under mild conditions, and in contrast to traditional permanganate reactivity, the reagent does not react with double bonds (154). 

Printed circuit boards manufacture is aided by the use of KMnO. Alkaline permanganate solution is used to remove resin smeared on the interior hole wall of multilayered printed circuit boards. Additionally the hole wall is etched, resulting in a surface with excellent adhesion characteristics, for electrodeless copper (250). The alkaline permanganate etchback system containing >60 g/L KMnO and 40-80 g/L NaOH at 70—80°C, is effective for difunctional, tetrafiinctional, and polyimide resin substrates, where the level of etchback is direcdy proportional to the immersion time (10—20 min) (251). 

Arsonium salts have found considerable use in analytical chemistry. One such use involves the extraction of a metal complex in aqueous solution with tetraphenyiarsonium chloride in an organic solvent. Titanium(IV) thiocyanate [35787-79-2] (157) and copper(II) thiocyanate [15192-76-4] (158) in hydrochloric acid solution have been extracted using tetraphenyiarsonium chloride in chloroform solution in this manner, and the Ti(IV) and Cu(II) thiocyanates deterrnined spectrophotometricaHy. Cobalt, palladium, tungsten, niobium, and molybdenum have been deterrnined in a similar manner. In addition to their use for the deterrnination of metals, anions such as perchlorate and perrhenate have been deterrnined as arsonium salts. Tetraphenyiarsonium permanganate is the only known insoluble salt of this anion. 

Many reactions catalyzed by the addition of simple metal ions involve chelation of the metal. The familiar autocatalysis of the oxidation of oxalate by permanganate results from the chelation of the oxalate and Mn (III) from the permanganate. Oxidation of ascorbic acid [50-81-7] C HgO, is catalyzed by copper (12). The stabilization of preparations containing ascorbic acid by the addition of a chelant appears to be negative catalysis of the oxidation but results from the sequestration of the copper. Many such inhibitions are the result of sequestration. Catalysis by chelation of metal ions with a reactant is usually accomphshed by polarization of the molecule, faciUtation of electron transfer by the metal, or orientation of reactants. 

Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl-containing compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, or permanganates Concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid mixtures Chlorine, bromine, copper, silver, fluorine or mercury Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, or other chlorinated... 

The electrolytic oxidation of quinoxaline at a copper anode gives pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid in excellent yield. A similar conversion may be effected with alkaline potassium permanganate, and a list of quinoxaline derivatives which can be oxidized with potassium... 

Some of the substances you work with in general chemistry can be identified at least tentatively by their color. Gaseous nitrogen dioxide has a brown color vapors of bromine and iodine are red and violet, respectively. A water solution of copper sulfate is blue, and a solution of potassium permanganate is purple (Figure 1.14). 

The standardisation of thiosulphate solutions may be effected with potassium iodate, potassium dichromate, copper and iodine as primary standards, or with potassium permanganate or cerium)IV) sulphate as secondary standards. Owing to the volatility of iodine and the difficulty of preparation of perfectly pure iodine, this method is not a suitable one for beginners. If, however, a standard solution of iodine (see Sections 10.112 and 10.113) is available, this maybe used for the standardisation of thiosulphate solutions. 

Phase-transfer catalysed oxidation of sulphoxides to sulphones using copper(II) permanganate or a mixture of potassium permanganate and copper(II) sulphate is also possible156. In this case hexane is used as the solvent for the organic phase and the reaction is carried out under reflux for 24 hours. Sulphones are prepared by this method in quantitative yields and the mechanism proposed is given in equation (51). 

Colour - A striking feature of transition-metal compounds is their colour. Whether it is the pale blue or pink hues of copper(ii) sulfate and cobalt(ii) chloride, or the intense purple of potassium permanganate, these colours tend to be associated most commonly with transition-metal compounds. It is rare for compounds of main group metals to be highly coloured. 

Primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines have been cleaved to give aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids with aqueous bromine and with neutral permanganate. The other product of this reaction is the amine with one less alkyl group. In a different type of procedure, primary alkyl primary amines can be converted to ge/n-dihalides, RCH2NH2 —> RCHX2 (X =Br or Cl), by treatment with an alkyl nitrite and the anhydrous copper(I) halide. 

Methyldichlorosilane (CH3SiHCl2) combusts spontaneously in the presence of potassium permanganate, lead oxide and dioxide, copper (II) oxide and silver oxide, even when they are in an atmosphere of inert gas. 

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