Copper nanocrystalline

Vijay Kumar R, Elgamiel R, Diamant Y, Gedanken A (2001) Sonochemical preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline copper oxide embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) and Its effect on crystal growth of copper oxide. Langmuir 17(5) 1406-1410... 

Kantam ML, Ramani T, Chakrapani L, Choudary BM (2009) Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyr-idine derivatives using nanocrystalline copper(II) oxide catalyst. Catal Commun 10 370-372... 

Nieman, G. W., Weertman, J. R., and Siegel, R. W., Microhardness of nanocrystalline palladium and copper produced by inert gas condensation. Scripta Metallurgica 23,2013 (1989). 

Fig. 4.7 SEM micrograph of nanocrystalline copper obtained potentio-statically on Au in the ionic liquid [BMPpdyN containing 60 mmol L 1 Cu(l) at a potential of—0.25 V (vs. Pt) for 2h at room temperature.

Nanocrystalline copper with an average crystallite size of about 50nm can be obtained without additives in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-l-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP]Tf2N) [92], Because of the limited solubility of the tested copper compounds in this ionic liquid, copper cations were introduced into the ionic liquid by anodic dissolution of a sacrificial copper electrode. The electrodeposition of copper was also investigated in the ionic liquid... 

Fig. 8.17 (a) SEM micrograph of nanocrystalline copper obtained potentiostatically on An in the ionic liquid [BMPJTFO saturated with Cu(TFO)2 at a constant potential for 2 h at room temperature, (b) EDAX profile of the area shown in the SEM micrograph [93]. 

Rapid solidification processing (RSP), for example, by melt spinning onto a cooled copper drum, which is capable of retaining many alloys in a glassy (amorphous) state or in nanocrystalline form ... 

A different approach was taken by Kumar and associates [61]. Fie also embedded metals in polymers, but used as his precursor the polymer and not the monomer. In his first study a composite material containing amorphous Cu nanoparticles and nanocrystalline CU2O embedded in polyanUine matrices was prepared by a sonochemical method. These composite materials were obtained from the soni-cation of copper (II) acetate when aniline or 1% v/v aniline-water was used as the solvent. Mechanisms for the formation of these products are proposed and discussed. The physical and thermal properties of the as-prepared composite materials are presented. A band gap of 2.61 eV is estimated from optical measurements for the as-prepared CU2O in polyaniline. 

A very unusual and previously unknown oxide of copper, the paramelaconite, CU4O3, was synthesized sonochemically in a polyaniline matrix [136]. An aqueous solution of copper (II) acetate and aniline (1 10 molar ratio) is irradiated by ultrasound to produce nanophased CU4O3 embedded in a polyaniline matrix. The as-prepared Cu403-polyaniline is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other methods. The mechanism for the fabrication of Cu403-polyaniline is proposed and discussed. This method is general and works also for the production of nanocrystalline Fe304 and CU2O embedded in polyaniline. This technique is also an easy route for the production of other metal oxides embedded in polyaniline. 

Liska P., Thampi K. R., Gratzel M., Bremaud D., Rudmann D. and Upadhyaya H. M. (2006), Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell/copper indium gallium selenide thin-fdm tandem showing greater than 15% conversion efficiency , Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 203103-203106. 

Figure 4. a) Tensile and b) compressive true stress- true strain curves for consolidated nanocrystalline copper powder. 

A second example of the application of laser ablation was reported by Chmielowska et al. [260]. The authors carried out structural analysis of thin cerium dioxide films doped with copper, which were produced for applications as catalytic gas sensors. The thin films deposited on a silicon substrate had a nanocrystalline structure with a well-developed texture. The morphology, as well as the preferred orientation of the films, changed with the volume fraction of copper. The observed variations were found to affect the catalytic properties of the materials. 

Nanocrystalline metal (silver and copper) and metal sulfide (silver sulfide, cadmium sulfide, and lead sulfide) particles were prepared via RESOLV (Rapid Expansion of a Supercritical Solution into a Liquid SOLVent) with water-in-carbon dioxide microemulsion as solvent for the rapid expansion. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV/vis absorption. X-ray powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy methods. The results of the different nanoparticles are compared and discussed in reference to those of the same nanoparticles produced via RESOLV with the use of conventional supercritical solvents. 

The present work was focused on the synthesis of nanocrystalline components for electrochemical cells via the cellulose-precursor technique. This method was used to prepare nanostructured intermediate-temperature (IT) SOFC anodes made of a series of cermets comprising gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Gdi.86Cao.i4Ti207.5 (GCTO) pyrochlore, metallic nickel and copper. Perovskite-type SrFcojAlo.sOs.s (SFA) powder, also obtained via the cellulose precursor, was applied onto membranes of the same composition to enhance specific surface area and electrocatalytic activity in the reactors for methane conversion [3]. 

Barta, J., Pospisil, M., Cuba, V. 2010. Photo- and radiation-induced preparation of nanocrystalline copper and cuprous oxide catalysts. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 286 611-618. 

The nanocrystalline semiconductors, PbS and CuS, were prepared by y-irradiation at room temperature in an ethanol system by Qiao et al. (1999). Carbon disulfide was used as the sulfur source lead acetate and copper chloride were used as metal ion sources. The purity and compositions of the products were examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photoluminescence property of as-prepared PbS was further studied. A blue shift observed in the PL spectra indicated the quantum size effect on nanocrystalline PbS. 

G. K. Reddy, K. Gunasekara, J. Dong, P. Boolchand, P. Smimiotis, High temperature water gas shift reaction over nanocrystalline copper codoped-modified ferrites, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 7586-7595. 

In addition, ILs could also be used as both solvent and electrolyte for the electrodeposition of copper [35, 36], aluminum [37, 38], tantalum [4], platinum [39], silver [40, 41], gold [40-42], and silicon [43]. For example, Endres et al. have reported the electrodeposition of nanocrystalline metals and alloys, such as aluminum from ILs, which previously could not be electrodeposited from aqueous or organic solutions. This method enabled the synthesis of aluminum nanocrystals with average grain sizes of about 10 nm, Al-Mn alloys, as well as Fe and Pd nanocrystals [4] [as shown in Fig. 4.2). 

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