Copper biota

Van-Zwieten, L., Merrington, G. and M. Van-Zwieten (2005). Review of Impacts on Soil Biota Caused by Copper Residues from Fungicide Application, http // www.regional.org. au... 

No documented report of fatal copper deficiency is available for any species of aquatic organism, and no correlation is evident in aquatic biota for the presumed nutritional copper requirements of a species and its sensitivity to dissolved copper (Neff and Anderson 1977). Extremely low copper concentrations (5.5 and 6.7 mg/kg DW) in whole bodies of 2 of 17 species of crustaceans from the Antarctic Ocean support the hypothesis that certain Antarctic species may show copper deficiencies or reduced metal requirements (Petri and Zauke 1993). 

Eisler, R. 1979. Copper accumulations in coastal and marine biota. Pages 383-449 in J.O. Nriagu (ed.). Copper in the Environment. Part 1 Ecological Cycling. John Wiley, NY. 

Hoare, K., J. Davenport, and A.R. Beaumont. 1995b. Effects of exposure and previous exposure to copper on growth of veliger larvae and survivorship of Mytilus edulis juveniles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 120 163-168. Hodson, P.V., U. Borgmann, and H. Shear. 1979. Toxicity of copper to aquatic biota. Pages 307-372 in J.O. 

Cadmium occurs naturally as sulfide co-deposited with zinc, copper, and lead sulfides. It is produced as a by-product in above-mentioned metal processing. Similar to lead and mercury, this heavy metal has no known biological functions in living organisms, and accordingly its accumulation in food and water leads to undesirable consequences to biota. Cadmium toxicology is related to dangerous influence to CNS and excretion systems, firstly, on kidney. 

Many aquatic organisms exhibit an ability to concentrate a variety of trace elements and this ability has been identified as a function of the tendency of the elements to be complexed by ligands (159). The alkaline earth metals are poorly com-plexed in relation to the transition metals, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc and manganese. The actinides should be regarded as members of an intermediate group. It has been suggested by Martin (160) that at least five mechanisms may regulate the uptake of metals by marine biota. These are... 

Van Zwieten, L., Merrington, G. and Van Zwieten, M. 2004. Review of impacts on soil biota caused by copper residues from fungicide application. In Singh, B. (ed.) SuperSoil2004 Third Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, University of Sydney, Australia, 5-9 December 2004. The Regional Institute, Gosford. pp. CD-ROM. 

Florence, T.M. (1977) Trace metal species in fresh waters. Water Res., 11, 681-687. Florence, T.M. (1982) Development of physicochemical speciation procedures to investigate the toxicity of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc towards aquatic biota. Anal. Chim. Acta, 141, 73-94. 

As a word of caution, it should be noted that the finding in Australia that hardness does not affect the response to copper of the most sensitive biota (algae, cla-docerans) has meant that the validity of a hardness correction to the EQS that was derived mainly from fish data has been brought into question (Markich et al. 2005). Similar findings have been made in Europe regarding the hardness correction for zinc toxicity. 

Markich SJ, Batley GE, Stauber JL, Rogers NJ, Apte SC, Hyne RV, Bowles KC, Wilde KL, Creighton NM. 2005. Hardness corrections for copper are inappropriate for protecting sensitive freshwater biota. Chemosphere 60 1-8. 

Anthropogenic sources of copper in the aquatic environment include mining, metal plating, and domestic and industrial wastes (Manahan, 1991). Copper is extremely toxic to aquatic biota. Algae are especially sensitive to copper, with both marine and freshwater species being adversely impacted at concentrations as low as 1-5 mg IT1... 

Andrew, R. W. Toxicity relationships to copper forms in natural waters, p. 123-ll+5 in Andrew, R. W., Hodson, P. V. and Konasewich, D. E., ed., "Toxicity to Biota of Metal Forms in Natural Waters," Great Lakes Res Advisory Bd. 

Besides the industrial production of PCNs there is also a release of PCNs to the environment via polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) commercial products, in which PCNs are present as minor contaminants [3], PCNs are also formed in various incineration processes [4, 5] and industrial processes such as the production of magnesium [6], copper [7] and in chloroalkali production [8,9]. PCNs are currently widespread in the environment and are to be regarded as an environmental problem [4]. In general, PCNs are present in biota at ng g 1 levels (on lipid weight basis). High levels (2.4 pgg J) have been reported in e. g., whitetailed sea eagle from Poland [5]. 

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