Copper activated powder, catalyst

There is specificity of the antioxidant action in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetics of ionol retarding action on the oxidation of fuel T-6 catalyzed by the copper powder and homogeneous catalyst copper oleate was studied in Ref. [12]. Copper oleate appeared to be very active homogeneous catalyst it was found to catalyze the autoxidation of T-6 in such small concentration as 10 6 mol L-1 (T = 398 K). The kinetics of autoxidation catalyzed by copper salt obeys the parabolic law (see Chapter 4) ... 

Continuous steam distillation, 147, 148 Cooling baths, 61 Cooling curve method, 26 Copper bronze, activated, 193 Copper - chromium oxide catalyst, for aldehyde synthesis, 318, 321 for hydrogenation, 872, 873 hydrogenolysis with, 872J Copper phthalocyanine, 983 Copper powder, 192 Copper sulphate, as desiccant, 40, 41 Cork stoppers, 55 boring of, 56... 

Monitoring solid-state reactions that play a role in catalyst activation forms a useful application of XRD. In this regard, Figure 6.5 illustrates an elegant example of the reduction of copper oxide powder to metallic copper, although this was measured at a synchrotron [14]. 

Powders possessing relatively high surface area and active sites can be intrinsically catalytically active themselves. Powders of nickel, platinum, palladium, and copper chromites find broad use in various hydrogenation reactions, whereas zeolites and metal oxide powders are used primarily for cracking and isomerization. All of the properties important for supported powdered catalysts such as particle size, resistance to attrition, pore size, and surface area are likewise important for unsupported catalysts. Since no additional catalytic species are added, it is difficult to control active site location however, intuitively it is advantageous to maximize the area of active sites within the matrix. This parameter can be influenced by preparative procedures. 

The unextracted catalyst should be a bluish black, friable powder. It is a satisfactory catalyst for the dehydrogenation of alcohols and for the less difficult hydrogenation reactions, such as the reduction of nitro compounds. This mixture of copper chromite and copper oxide is somewhat less active and more susceptible of reduction to metallic copper than the catalyst from which the copper oxide has been removed by acid extraction. 

Dr. S. L. Stafford (Alfa Inorganics) writes that I am unable to tell the difference from the method of preparation between the Lazier catalysts and the Adkins catalysts. They seem to be essentially identical and both are made in the same way as the material which we offer. Our copper chromate is a fine black powder of the formula indicated plus small amounts of barium chromate which may or may not be essential as the activator. The catalyst is stable to both air and moisture. ... 

We further developed a temperature-stable eopper/mixed oxide catalyst by fabricating it in a structured form that has the same activity as the powder. This catalyst can be activated in air and does not lose activity after exposure to air at temperatures up to 300°C. The ANL copper/mixed oxide catalyst has the potential to reduce the volume of the WGS reactor by 20% compared with the commercial catalysts. The copper catalyst showed susceptibility to poisoning by H2S in the reformate feed. We have also developed cobalt and ruthenium catalysts with higher activity than commercial iron-chrome (325-400°C) by using a promoter to suppress methane formation. 

A halogen atom directly attached to a benzene ring is usually unreactive, unless it is activated by the nature and position of certain other substituent groups. It has been show n by Ullmann, however, that halogen atoms normally of low reactivity will condense with aromatic amines in the presence of an alkali carbonate (to absorb the hydrogen halide formed) and a trace of copper powder or oxide to act as a catalyst. This reaction, known as the Ullmant Condensation, is frequently used to prepare substituted diphenylamines it is exemplified... 

Copper, and occasionally silver, have been used as catalysts for hydroformylation of a-olefins. Phosphite complexes of copper(I) chloride have been claimed as catalysts (126). Phthalocyanine complexes of Group IB metals have been stated to show a low degree of catalytic activity (127). One of the more interesting examples of copper catalysis was disclosed by McClure (128). Copper powder, with a controlled amount of water (0.2-4.0 moles H20/mole Cu), gave a slow conversion of pro-... 

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