Conversion of electr

Electrical heating is accomplished with resistance bauds or ribbons which must be electrically insulated from the machine body but in good thermal contact with it. The heaters must be carefully spaced to avoid a succession of hot and cold areas. Sometimes they are mounted in aluminum blocks shaped to conform to the container walls. Their effective temperature range is 150 to 500°C (about 300 to 930°F). Temperature control is precise, maintenance and supervision costs are low, and conversion of electrical energy to useful heat is almost 100 percent. The cost of electrical energy is usually large, however, and may be prohibitive. 

Electrical motors are less than 100% efficient in the conversion of electrical energy into useful work, since a part of that energy is converted into frictional heat which radiates away. 

Because of its indirect bandgap, bulk crystalline silicon shows only a very weak PL signal at 1100 nm, as shown for RT and 77 K in Fig. 7.9. Therefore optoelectronic applications of bulk silicon are so far limited to devices that convert light to electricity, such as solar cells or photodetectors. The observation of red PL from PS layers at room temperature in 1990 [Cal] initiated vigorous research in this field, because efficient EL, the conversion of electricity into light, seemed to be within reach. Soon it was found that in addition to the red band, luminescence in the IR as well as in the blue-green region can be observed from PS. 

The strength of the electric field which can be applied across the capillary is limited by conversion of electrical energy into heat. Localised heating can cause changes in... 

If the emission intensity is calibrated, one can also measure the total current passed (charging plus faradaic) and thus obtain the cou-lombic efficiency of emission. For the one compound where this has been reported, l,3-di-/Mva-anisyl-4,7-diphenyl-iV-methylisoindole, (O, = 0.50) a maximum of 0.3% efficiency of conversion of electrical energy to light or 0.6% of electrical energy to excited singlets was found. 

The Halogens, Cl2, Br2, and I2 The action of halogens is dependent upon the conversion of electrically neutral halogen molecules into halogen ions by accepting electrons ... 

Artificial radiant sources are characterized by their power density (i.e. the input power per unit length in W cm ), the efficiency of conversion of electrical energy into photon energy (radiant power efficiency r =i) in a defined wavelength... 

If the superconducting film developed at Cornell is ever put into a telecommunications system, those stats would pale in comparison. Fast as they are, fiber-optical pulses must work in three steps conversion of electricity to light and back to electricity, a process that is relatively slow. A superconductor transmitting electrical pulses alone could, theoretically, carry more than a trillion bits of information per second—enough to handle 15 million simultaneous phone conversations, or to transmit everything in print in the Library of Congress in a couple of minutes ... 

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