Controllable molecules

Judson R S and Rabitz H 1992 Teaching lasers to control molecules Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 1500... 

Fig. 3. a) First order plot of oxygen uptake in the Methylene-blue (MB)-sensitized photooxidation of GA 8.4 pM and 1.3 mM histidine (control) in phosphate buffer pH 7. b) Percentage radical scavenging activity for the control molecule Trolox and GA at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer 10 mM (hydroxyl radical) and pH 10 in sodium carbonate buffer 50 mM (anion superoxide radical). 

There are thousands of sets of signal proteins, like insulin and its receptor. These systems of paired protein-control molecules and their receptors have evolved over millions of years and provide the very precise orchestration of thousands of different chemical reactions that are required to keep our bodies alive and working. Although illness that develops because of a failure in these systems may seem like a terrible betrayal of how things should work, the fact that so many complex systems in so many... 

How does the efficiency of a control process depend on the number of degrees of freedom of the controlled molecule ... 

This CPU issue along with historical limitations in analytical chemistry have often forced practice-oriented reaction models to be at a global level. These models traditionally involve the relevant boiling point or solubility defined reactants, and not the controlling molecules or intermediates. Thus they will often appear to suffer from the point of view of chemical significance however they are generally much easier to solve. Most importantly, these models are relevant the reactants and products in these models are bought and sold ... 

Prior to some adaptive close-loop control schemes, we revealed some key factors, which control molecule dissociative ionization by limiting the laser pulse... 

The inability of control molecule (22) to catalyze the reaction allowed us to exclude the Kemp s imide moiety of (6) as a source of direct chemical catalysis (Table 1, entry 8). 

Using control molecules (18) and (20), we excluded catalytic intermediates (24) and (25) (Figure 16) involving the amide and one of the two base-pairing sites of (6). Both complexes (24) and (25) imply that the amide chemically assists the breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate, but as neither (18) nor (20) was a catalyst under these conditions, it was concluded that the full template (6) is necessary for autocatalysis (Table 1, entries 5 and 7). Merely... 

Figure 17 Control molecules used to test the proposed mechanism of formation of complex (25)...

As already noted in Section 1, autocatalysis occurs in the carbazolediimide system. Addition of the product increased the rate of the couphng reaction of the ester (12) with amine (4) in 13% THF-CHCI3. Experiments at 6.2mM showed a 54% increase in initial rate with half an equivalent of added (13). Just as with the naphthoyl-based replicator, the carbazolediimide system was extensively tested using various control molecules to assure that autocatalysis was due to molecular recognition and not to trivial chemical catalysis by some functionahty of the template. The results are summarized in Figure 21 and Table 4. 

The most usual method of element speciation, however, is the utilization of combined and hyphenated systems. Here, species are first (as selectively as possible) separated, and subsequently the elements in the species are detected. For increased quality control, molecule selective detection is performed with separation devices. An overview of typical combinations of separation and detection systems is provided in Figure 3.4. 

Figure 12.6 Comparison of Ret between 0.3 mM adenosine (c) and a mixed solution of control molecules (0.36 mM uridine and 0.32 mM cytidine) (b). In the presence of adenosine, obvious Ret decrease is observed in the presence control molecules, no decrease is observed. The error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements. [From Li et al. (2007), with permission. Copyright 2007 Royal Society of Chemistry.]...

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