Contributory errors

Human error is the incorrect or wrong execution of a required human action that is, it is a human failure. Human error and mistakes typically result from the frailties of the human nature. Human errors can easily cause hazards and place people, equipment, and systems at risk. Human error is an act that through ignorance, deficiency, or accident departs from or fails to achieve what should be done. Errors can be predictable and random. Errors can also be categorized as primary or contributory. Primary errors are those committed by personnel immediately and are directly involved with an accident. Contributory errors result from actions on the part of personnel whose duties preceded and affected the situation during which the results of the error became apparent. 

OPTION 5 BASIC EVENT PROBABiLtriES AND ERROR FACTORS RIRNBAUM (NO). CRITICALITY (NO), UPGRADING FUNCTION (NO) FUSSELL-VESELY (YES), INITIATOR (BARLOW PROSCHAN)(N0), ENABLER (CONTRIBUTORY) (NO). STRUCTURAL (NO)... 

The traditional approach, because it sees the major causes of errors and accidents as being attributable to individual factors, does not encourage a consideration of the underlying causes or mechanisms of error. Thus, accident data-collection systems focus on the characteristics of the individual who has the accident rather than other potential contributory system causes such as inadequate procedures, inadequate task design, and communication failures. 

Error analysis techniques can be used in accident analysis to identify the events and contributory factors that led to an accident, to represent this information in a clear and simple manner and to suggest suitable error reduction strategies. This is achieved in practice by identification of the causal event sequence that led to the accident and the analysis of this sequence to identify the root causes of the system malfunction. A discussion of accident analysis techniques is included in Chapter 6. 

These two contributory factors are highly related to the third cause—the pilots lack of situational awareness. Even using an event-chain model of accidents, the FMS-related events preceded and contributed to the pilot errors. There seems to be no reason why, at the least, they should be treated any different than the labeled causes. There were also many other factors in this accident that were not reflected in either the identified causes or contributory factors. 

Having identified the CDF, the investigator then considers the conditions in which errors occur and the wider organizational context. These are the contributory factors. For each CDF, the investigator uses the framework... 

I. Risk and Road User Behaviour Different studies indicate that the human factor (road users) is the major contributory factor to accidents. At the same time, any error in the system and on roads will lead to unsafe road user behaviour ... 

One of the major contributory factors in road accidents is human error (for example violation of speed limits). The type, size and frequency of these human errors depend on the whole road system and traffic regulations, which must be designed in a way to be safe and protective of such human errors. 

By doing this, I rely on earlier studies that indicate accidents caused by a combination of five main dimensions (human-vehicle-environment-road-system). One of the major contributory factors in road accidents is human error. The size of this human error depends on the whole road system and traffic regulations. Rumar (1999) has shown that the major contributory factor in road accidents is the human factor. The results are taken from two in-depth studies and analyses carried out in the UK and USA. Both studies indicate that the hmnan factor (road users), overlapping with other factors, is the major contributory factor in 94/95 % of accidents as shown in Figure 5.6. 

A study of the United States Pharmacopoeia voluntary Medication Errors Reporting Program data over a one-year period revealed that in approximately 30% of the fatalities labeling or packaging was clearly cited as a contributory factor to medication errors that resulted in fatalities [11]. The types of labeling or packaging-related problems encountered are shown in Figure 6.1 [11]. 

Step 2 is concerned with collating information and collecting subsets for sfudies and classifications. This calls for establishing a project team that has adequate access to the appropriate information. Step 3 is concerned with the grouping of problems, errors, and contributory factors under appropriate classifications. 

It permits an exhaustive analysis of the errors involved, including the contributory factors, nature, and associated consequences. 

Human error can be a significant cause or contributory factor in many hazards. For this reason, it is imperative that system safety evaluate all man-machine interfaces (MMIs) and human tasks for possible hazards, particularly in safety-critical applications. The most common human error causal categories are listed in Table 2.11. 

Flight-Crew Decision Error Contributory Factors... 

What are the contributory factors to flight-crew decision error ... 

Studies by HSE s Accident Prevention Unit and others suggest that human error is a major contributory cause in 90 per cent of accidents of which 70 per cent could have been prevented by management action (Rimmington, 1989). 

---