Contrast negligible

A far-off resonance trap (FORT), in contrast, uses tire dipole force ratlier tlian tire spontaneous force to confine atoms and can therefore operate far from resonance witli negligible population of excited states. A hybrid MOT/dipole-force trap was used by a NIST-Maryland collaboration [26] to study cold collisions, and a FORT was... 

A striking example of an electronic effect on carbonyl group stability and its rela tion to the equilibrium constant for hydration is seen m the case of hexafluoroacetone In contrast to the almost negligible hydration of acetone hexafluoroacetone is completely hydrated... 

Studies have shown that, in marked contrast to carbanionic polymerisation, the reactivity of the free oxonium ion is of the same order of magnitude as that of its ion pair with the counterion (6). On the other hand, in the case of those counterions that can undergo an equiUbrium with the corresponding covalent ester species, the reactivity of the ionic species is so much greater than that of the ester that chain growth by external attack of monomer on covalent ester makes a negligible contribution to the polymerisation process. The relative concentration of the two species depends on the dielectric constant of the polymerisation medium, ie, on the choice of solvent. 

In both processes the ions are supposed to be introduced into solutions where the interionic forces are negligible. When in (191) the COJ ion is formed, the solvent in the co-sphere of this ion loses a certain amount of entropy. Likewise, in (192) when the CO, ion is formed, the solvent in the co-sphere of the ion loses precisely the same amount of entropy. At the same time, the amount of entropy associated with the thermal energy of the COJ" ion in aqueous solution is, of course, the same in (192) as in (191). In the process (192) we shall be concerned with the unitary term for the two Li+ ions in contrast to (191) where two protons are added to two II20 molecules. 

As shown by the data in Fig. 31, the chain transfer constant of this initiator, Q = 1.0. In this context it is of interest to remember that the effect of initiator concentration on the molecular weight of HSi-PaMeSt was negligible, probably because of unfavorable thermodynamics (Sect. III.B.3.b.iv.). In contrast, with isobutylene chain transfer from the propagating carbenium ion to initiator is thermodynamically favorable (see Sect. IH.B.4.b.i.). Thus it is not surprising to find a large Q. The chain transfer mechanism has been illustrated in Scheme 5. 

By contrast in compounds 14, 15, and 16, from which MW — 43 also cannot be formed by single bond fission, the intensities of MW — 43 are negligibly small. For these we find that no feasible rearrangement process such as Equation 16 can be written. Thus for compound 14, for example,... 

Chitosan (> 75% deacelylation, 800-2000 cps) was mixed wilh stock so-lulions of Cu(II), Fe(ll), Cd(ll) and Zn(II), prepared in 0.1 M HNO3, and of Ca(ll) and Mn(II), in 0.1 MHCl. It was found that, in the chelation of most metal ions by chitosan, 1 1 binding of chitosan is more dominant than 2 1 cooperative binding, but vice versa for Zn(II) and Cd(II). The chelation of Cu(II) by chitosan showed much higher reactivity when compared to other divalent metal ions. Cu(II), Fe(II), Cd(II) andZn(II) showed strong reactivity and stability of their chelates. In contrast, the interactions between Ca(II) or Mn(II) and chitosan were almost negligible. These data confirm brilliantly previous data by Muzzarelli et al. [116]. 

Negligible quantities of wood may be removed when tropical forests are cut for shifting cultivation or pasture conversion. In contrast to the temperate coniferous forests of the Northwest USA, only small quantities of wood are usually exported as a result of timber operations in tropical evergreen forests. In... 

The removal of X-ray contrast media iopromide was reported to be negligible in conventional WWTP [58]. However, similar to antibiotic trimethoprim, negligible removal in CAS treatment was meliorated to 61% removal by employing nitrifying activated sludge [60]. 

This phenomenon is attributed to the absence on the end surfaces of the shear and compressive stresses that are needed in order to maintain a state of simple shear. As a result, the stresses throughout the block are affected (in contrast to a conventional end effect that would have a negligible effect far from the ends). One consequence is that high internal stresses can develop, sufficient in principle to cause failure. It is clear that the effect of the special conditions obtaining at the ends should be taken into consideration in the rational design of rubber springs. 

In contrast, thermodynamic as well as spectroscopic properties of core water in AOT-reversed micelles are similar to those of pure water. Together with electrostatic considerations, this suggests that the penetration of counterions in the micellar core is negligible and that a relatively small number of water molecules are able to reconstruct the typical extended H-bonded structure of bulk water. 

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