Contrast acoustic microscopy

Routh, H. F., Pusateri, T. L and Nikoonahad, M. (1989). Differential phase contrast acoustic microscopy. IEEE 1989 Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 817-20. IEEE, New York. [69]... 

Atalar, A., "An Angular Spectrum Approach to Contrast in Reflection Acoustic Microscopy, /. Appl. Phys., Vol. 49, 1978, pp. 5130-5139. 

The significance of acoustic micrographs like this one does not come solely, or even primarily, from the fact that the cells are living. It comes also from the fact that what you are seeing in Fig. 1.5 is contrast from the mechanical structure of the specimen. In cases where this is the property of primary interest, acoustic microscopy offers the possibility of seeing it directly with submicron resolution. 

It will become very clear by the end of this book that in a great deal of acoustic microscopy of materials the contrast is dominated by Rayleigh waves excited in the surface of the specimen (Briggs 1985). A summary of the properties of Rayleigh waves will be given in Table 6.2, and their role in the contrast will be introduced in 7.2.1. What all that means in terms of acoustic pictures will be... 

The contrast mechanisms for bones and teeth are quite different from those for biological cells and soft tissues (Bereiter-Hahn 1995), which can sometimes be enhanced by phase contrast (Grill et al. 1996). Some of the principles of acoustic microscopy can be applied to high-frequency medical imaging (Lethiecq et al. 1996). It may even be possible to compensate for geometric distortions by using time reversal mirrors (Fink and Prada 1996). 

Cantrell, J. H. and Qian, M. (1991). Microstress contrast in scanning electron acoustic microscopy of ceramics. In Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation, Vol. 10 (ed. D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti). Plenum Press, New York. [17]... 

Nikoonahad, M. and Liu, D. C. (1990). Pulse-echo single frequency acoustic nonlinearity parameter (B/A) measurement. IEEE Trans. UFFC 37, 127-34. [43, 181] Nikoonahad, M. and Sivers, E. A. (1989). Dual beam differential amplitude contrast scanning acoustic microscopy. In Acoustical imaging, Vol. 17 (ed. H. Shimizu, N. Chubachi, and J. Kushibiki), pp. 17-25. Plenum Press, New York. [69]... 

Wang, J. K. and Tsai, C. S. (1985). Acoustic transmission and image contrast of tilted plate specimens in transmission acoustic microscopy. IEEE Trans. SU-32, 241-7. [110]... 

Wickramasinghe, H. K. (1978). Contrast in reflection acoustic microscopy. Electron. Lett. 14, 305-6. [108]... 

Acoustic microscopy has a special place in this powerful armoury. It depends on the elastic response of the material to acoustic waves, and therefore provides information on local changes in elastic properties thus, for example, it is particularly sensitive to fine cracks (which might not be observable by other techniques). It has already been applied to a wide range of materials, including biological specimens, minerals, semiconductor devices, composites, ceramics, etc. As is the case for all other techniques, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the contrast mechanisms, so that the observations can be interpreted with confidence. This book provides potential users, such as materials scientists and biologists, with a comprehensive account of the basic techniques, of the contrast mechanisms, and of the way the techniques can be applied to obtain information on microstructure in different types of specimen. 

Atalar A. (1978) An angular spectrum approach to contrast in acoustic microscopy // J.Appl.Phys.v.49. N10, 5130-5139. 

The classical polarizing light microscope as developed 150 years ago is still the most versatile, least expensive analytical instrument in the hands of an experienced microscopist. Its limitations in terms of resolving power, depth of field, and contrast have been reduced in the last decade, in which we have witnessed a revolution in its evolution. Video microscopy has increased contrast electronically, and thereby revealed structures never before seen. With computer enhancement, unheard of resolutions are possible. There are daily developments in the X-ray, holographic, acoustic, confocal laser scanning, and scanning tunneling micro-... 

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