Continuous fiber reinforced glass composites

Michalske, T.A. and Hellmann, J. (1988). Strength and toughness of continuous alumina fiber reinforced glass matrix composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 71, 725 731. 

We will see in Section 5.4.2 that the elastic modulus of a unidirectional, continuous-fiber-reinforced composite depends on whether the composite is tested along the direction of fiber orientation (parallel) or normal to the fiber direction (transverse). In fact, the elastic modulus parallel to the fibers, Ei, is given by Eq. (1.62), whereas the transverse modulus, 2, is given by Eq. (1.63). Consider a composite material that consists of 40% (by volume) continuous, uniaxially aligned, glass fibers (Ef =16 GPa) in a polyester matrix (Em = 3 GPa). 

P. Card and G. D. Soraru, Sol-gel processing of continuous fiber reinforced composites by the liquid infiltration and pyrolysis (LIP) method, in Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, N. P. Bansal, K. V. Logan, and J. P. Singh (Eds), Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 85, 1997, pp. 405-416. The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, USA. 

R. L. Lehman, Glass and Glass-Ceramic Matrix Fibre Composites, in Handbook on Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites, R. L. Lehman, S. K. El-Rahaiby and J. B. Wachtman eds., Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, USA (1995) 527-545. 

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites can contain short, discontinuous fibers (usually in thermoplastics see Fig. 1.14) or long, continuous fibers in thermoset resins. Fibers can vary from the usual glass fibers with thicknesses of some tens of micrometers up to nanofibers or carbon nanotubes (single-waiied or multiwalled, SWCNT or MWCNT) about 10 nm thick. The properties of fiber-reinforced composites depend on thickness, length, and volume content of the fibers, as well as on adhesion (interfacial strength) and matrix properties. 

For over 35 years, commercial glass fiber manufacture has exhibited continuous growth in volvune to meet increasing demands in the market place for short glass fiber reinforced (SGFR) composites in many... 

Rijisdijils, A., Contant, M., and Peijis, A.A.J.M. (1993) Continues glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites I. Influence of maleic-anhydride-modified polypropylene on mechanical properties. Compos. Sci. Technol., 48, 161-172. 

The properties of continuous and aligned glass, carbon, and aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are given in Table 16.5. A comparison of the mechanical characteristics of these three materials may be made in both longitudinal and transverse directions. 

Composites. High molecular weight PPS can be combiaed with long (0.6 cm to continuous) fiber to produce advanced composite materials (131). Such materials having PPS as the polymer matrix have been developed by usiag a variety of reinforcements, including glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers as mat, fabric, and unidirectional reinforcements. Thermoplastic composites based on PPS have found application ia the aircraft, aerospace, automotive, appliance, and recreation markets (see Composite materials, polymer-matrix). 

Fiber-reinforced composites contain strong fibers embedded in a continuous phase. They form the basis of many of the advanced and space-age products. They are important because they offer strength without weight and good resistance to weathering. Typical fibers are fiberous glass, carbon-based, aromatic nylons, and polyolefins. Typical resins are polyimides, polyesters, epoxys, PF, and many synthetic polymers. Applications include biomedical, boating, aerospace and outer space, sports, automotive, and industry. 

There are many ways to classify composites, including schemes based upon (1) materials combinations, such as metal-matrix, or glass-fiber-reinforced composites (2) bulk-form characteristics, such as laminar composites or matrix composites (3) distribution of constituents, such as continuous or discontinuous or (4) function, like structural or electrical composites. Scheme (2) is the most general, so we will utilize it here. We will see that other classification schemes will be useful in later sections of this chapter. 

The axial and transverse tensile moduli for a continuous, unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composite as predicted by Eqs. (5.88) and (5.92) are given as a function of volume fraction fiber, E/, in Eigure 5.87. Since Ef E, Eq. (5.92) reduces to the approximate expression ... 

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