Contents 3 Data treatment

The Dephy data-processing package offers several proprietary noise filtering options. We have not yet determined unequivocally whether any of these data treatments increase reproducibility or concentrate the taxonomic information content of the averaged spectra, although first results suggest that use of filtered data can improve spectral reproducibility and thus assist the ruggedness of sample classification. 

All the immobilisations were conducted under stirring conditions at room temperature, then the mixtures were centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm and filtered. The fluorescence of the supernatant was analysed. After a washing treatment, the filtered solution have no evidenced the presence of free protein. The amount of protein adsorbed on the surface was calculated by difference from these protein content data. 

There are a number of things to consider, but the most important is understanding the needs of the customer. Is the total sugar content of the product required or the lactose content The level of uncertainty in the result that is acceptable also helps focus on the choice of method. Once the method is chosen and validated, it is then important to ensure that all of the equipment is available and in a proper state of calibration. Then, all that remains is to have sufficient trained staff to carry out the analysis. Once the experimental results have been obtained and the data treatment is complete, the report can be written. The report also has to meet the customer requirements and should be written in an unambiguous way which is clear to the non-specialist. 

This chapter describes in detail the theoretical principles underlying binding constant determinations using only a basic level of mathematics, statistics, and programs of spreadsheet software. As a concrete example, a practical measurement and a practical data treatment of an UV/vis and NMR titration experiment are discussed. The programs attached as Appendices would function with commonly available spreadsheet software on personal computers and provide another way to understand the contents described in this chapter. The appendices are also useful for the reader when running an actual experiment. 

While the qualitative identification requires the position of the Raman lines (frequency of the chosen vibrational mode) of each species, the determination of the concentration needs to exploit the intensity of Raman line. The quantitative analysis seems straightforward since the Raman intensity is expected to be proportional to analyte content according to eq2. However this calculation needs to control other parameters which possibly influence the intensity. Moreover, we have to take into account, in the data treatment, the random fluctuation of the intensity (coming from time, sample or instrumentation) which can affect the reproducibility of the quantitative measurement. 

Further effort should be made to speed the development of more intelligent software for screening unknown compounds. So far, results of the content of a sample can be gained with the thorough manual inspection, but larger scale automated data treatment is stiU hindered by the lack of advanced features in the software. 

Most of the published data show that the Ni effect is very dependent on the Cu content, and the Ni content does not appear to have any infiuence when the Cu content is low (<0.1 wt%). This suggested the existence of a synergistic mechanism resulting from interactions between Cu and Ni. Odette and Lucas [68] investigated the effect of Ni content on the irradiation hardening responses of five sets of steels (30 alloys) with Ni contents of 0-1.7% and with various Cu (0.01-0.4 wt%) and Mn (0.01-1.7wt%) contents, heat treatments and microstructures. The results showed that the Cu-bearing commercial steels (0.2-0.4wt% Cu) exhibited increased hardening with increased Ni content and neutron fluence. For Cu contents of less than... 

The fact that these kinds of chemical reactions occur during the processing were further demonstrated by the testing of the insoluble material in the blends. The data showed that after dimethylformamide (DMF) treatment and after processing, the solubles significantly increased, It also showed that the insoluble content is also related to the TPU content in the blending system. It peaks at the TPU content of 15%-20%, after which the amount drops dramatically. Accordingly, the mechanical properties of the material also showed the same trend. 

The important observation from the data in Table 3 is that NC samples subjected to acid bod followed by tetrahydrofuran (THF)-benzene treatment yielded essentially the same sulfate contents as samples subjected to THF-benzene treatment alone. From this the authors interpret that sulfate contents from THF-benzene treatments actually represent absolute values of the difficult-to-remove sulfate which may very well be true sulfate ester . It is also tentatively concluded that approximately 90% of the original sulfate content in unstabilized NC is readily removable sulfuric acid with the remainder the more difficult-to-remove sulfate ester. Dilute acid boil treatment of NC for 56 hours does not eliminate all of the free sulfuric acid and leaves the difficult-to-remove sulfate practically unchanged... 

Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of net osmoticum deposition rate per mm root length in the apical 10 mm of maize primary roots growing at various vermiculite water contents (see Fig. 3). The data were computed from distributions of growth rate and osmotic potential (Fig. 4), as described by Silk et al. (1986). The inset shows the total osmoticum deposition rate in the apical 9 mm for the different treatments, calculated by integrating the rates over distance. Modified from Sharp et al. (1989).

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